Questions tagged [time-evolution]

The quantum mechanical time evolution operator governs how observables and/or states evolve during finite time steps, and is always unitary. Use this tag for questions about the time evolution operator, or the different equations of motion in the Schrödinger/Heisenberg/Dirac pictures. For time-independent Hamiltonians, the time evolution operator is simply exp(-iHt).

Time-evolution of an observer means how it changes over time; it's derivative over time. In quantum mechanics, it is described by the Hamiltonian, i.e.

$$H|\psi\rangle=i\hbar\frac{\partial|\psi\rangle}{\partial t}$$

This is also related to Noether's theorem, which proves that time-invariance is equivalent to energy-conservation.

DO NOT use this tag for evolving laws of physics.

902 questions
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Why do excited states decay if they are eigenstates of Hamiltonian and should not change in time?

Quantum mechanics says that if a system is in an eigenstate of the Hamiltonian, then the state ket representing the system will not evolve with time. So if the electron is in, say, the first excited state then why does it change its state and relax…
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State collapse in the Heisenberg picture

I've been studying quantum mechanics and quantum field theory for a few years now and one question continues to bother me. The Schrödinger picture allows for an evolving state, which evolves through a unitary, reversible evolution (Schrödinger’s…
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The formal solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation

Consider the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (or some equation in Schrödinger form) written down as $$ \tag 1 i\hbar \partial_{t} \Psi ~=~ \hat{H} \Psi . $$ Usually, one likes to write that it has a formal solution of the form $$ \tag 2 \Psi (t)…
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Evolution operator for time-dependent Hamiltonian

When I studied QM I'm only working with time independent Hamiltonians. In this case the unitary evolution operator has the form $$\hat{U}=e^{-\frac{i}{\hbar}Ht}$$ that follows from this equation $$ i\hbar\frac{d}{dt}\hat{U}=H\hat{U}. $$ And in this…
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How does a particle know how to behave?

How does a particle know it should behave in such and such manner? As a person, I can set mass is so and so, charge is so and so - then set up equation to solve its equation of motion but who computes that equation of motion for a particle in real…
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Why is the second law of thermodynamics not symmetric with respect to time reversal?

The question might have some misconceptions/ sloppy intuition sorry if that's the case (I'm not a physicist). I seem to have the intuition that given a system of $N$ charged particles in 3D space colliding (under the effect of gravitational forces…
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What physical processes other than scattering are accounted for by QFT? How do they fit into the general formalism?

For background, I'm primarily a mathematics student, studying geometric Langlands and related areas. I've recently been trying to catch up on the vast amount of physics knowledge I'm lacking, but I've come to a serious roadblock when it comes to…
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Is there a fundamental reason for the exponential dependence of the evolution of the temperature in an electronic deviced that is powered on?

I used an electronic device during a certain time. Due to the powering of this device, the temperature, measured with an NTC, increased. After a certain time, I switched off the power of the device but still measured the temperature, with the…
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Why does time evolution operator have the form $U(t) = e^{-itH}$?

Let's denote by $|\psi(t)\rangle$ some wavefunction at time $t$. Then let's define the time evolution operator $U(t_1,t_2)$ through $$ U(t_2,t_1) |\psi(t_1)\rangle = |\psi(t_2)\rangle \tag{1}$$ and the Schrödinger equation $$ H |\psi(t)\rangle =…
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Which derivative with respect to time is which in the Heisenberg picture of quantum mechanics?

For an observable $A$ and a Hamiltonian $H$, Wikipedia gives the time evolution equation for $A(t) = e^{iHt/\hbar} A e^{-iHt/\hbar}$ in the Heisenberg picture as $$\frac{d}{dt} A(t) = \frac{i}{\hbar} [H, A] + \frac{\partial A}{\partial t}.$$ From…
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What is meant by unitary time evolution?

According to the time evolution the system changes its state the with the passage of time. Is there any difference between time evolution and unitary time evolution?
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How to describe time evolution in relativistic QFT?

I must confess that I'm still confused about the question of time evolution in relativistic quantum field theory (RQFT). From symmetry arguments, from the representation of the Poincare group through unitary operators on a Hilbert space, one knows…
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Why can't two different quantum states evolve into the same final state?

Is it true that two different states cannot evolve into the same final state? Can they achieve this state at different times? If yes, what is the proof?
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What's the relation between path integral and Dyson series?

If one solves the Schrodinger equation $$i\hbar\partial_tU(t,0) = H U(t,0)$$ for time evolution operator $U(t,0)$, one can get the following Dyson series $$U(t,0) = \sum_n(\dfrac{-i}{\hbar})^n\int_0^t dt_1 \int_0^{t_1}dt_2 \cdots \int_0^{t_{n-1}}…
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How do I enforce the no-slip boundary condition in time dependent incompressible pipe flow?

This is a technical problem which must have been solved already. It won't be in beginners textbooks but there should be a solution somewhere. I welcome reading suggestions. Maybe someone with experience in solving Navier-Stokes equations numerically…
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