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When the universe would reach a maximal state of entropy, heat death would presumably be reached and no structures would be left after the last black hole would evaporate.

However, is this really true? Is it impossible then for new structures to form? Couldn't there be any formation of new structures (like black holes) in the future?

I'm asking this after reading section F.1. of this paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9701131) which says that there would be a continuous formation and evaporation of black holes as the universe ages due to density perturbations. So, could this be possible?

vengaq
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In a static (in terms of cosmological expansion or contraction) universe, and if black holes evaporate (which I think they likely do), Poincare recursion theorem guarantees that any structure will eventually form again by random chance. Entropy fluctuates, the larger the fluctuation the longer it takes to see it happen. In our expanding universe this does not seem to be the case, for instance, you could have the big rip. No structure like the ones existing today could possibly form in such a case, and the universe eventually becomes causally disconnected.

Pato Galmarini
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