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I'm reading Nielsen and Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. On p. 73 it is introducing inner products and tensor products. So it says the following:

The inner product on the spaces $V$ and $W$ can be used to define a natural inner product on $V \otimes W$. Define

$$\big(\sum_i a_i \left | v_i \right\rangle \otimes \left | w_i \right\rangle, \sum_j b_j \left | v_j' \right\rangle \otimes \left | w_j' \right\rangle\big) \equiv \sum_{ij} a_i^*b_j \left\langle v_i | v_j' \right\rangle \left\langle w_i | w_j' \right\rangle.\tag{2.49} $$

This only makes sense if $V$ and $W$ have the same dimension. Say, $V$ is 2-dimensional and $W$ is 3-dimensional. What does $\left | v_3 \right\rangle$ mean? I would appreciate some clarification.

Community
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azani
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2 Answers2

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A basis for a tensor product space are the vectors $|v_i\rangle\otimes |w_j\rangle$, where $ i = 1,\ldots,N_V $ and $ j = 1, \ldots, N_W$, where $N_V$ and $N_W$ are the dimensions of $V$ and $W$, respectively. Note that we include all combinations, not just ones where $i=j$. A vector $|u\rangle$ can thus be written: $$ |u\rangle = \sum_i^{N_V} \sum_j^{N_W} u_{ij} |v_i\rangle\otimes |w_j\rangle $$

The natural inner product between two vectors $|a\rangle,|b\rangle$ is then: $$ \langle b | a \rangle := \sum_i^{N_V} \sum_j^{N_W} \sum_{i'}^{N_V} \sum_{j'}^{N_W} b^*_{i'j'} a_{ij} \langle v_{i'} | v_i \rangle \langle w_{j'} | w_j \rangle $$ if the $\{|v_1\rangle\ldots,|v_i\rangle,\ldots,|v_{N_V}\rangle\}$ and $\{|w_1\rangle\ldots,|w_j\rangle,\ldots,|w_{N_W}\rangle\}$ bases are both orthonormal (in quantum mechanics they nearly always are) this simplifies to: $$ \langle b | a \rangle := \sum_i^{N_V} \sum_j^{N_W} \sum_{i'}^{N_V} \sum_{j'}^{N_W} b^*_{i'j'} a_{ij} \delta_{ii'} \delta_{jj'} = \sum_i^{N_V} \sum_j^{N_W} b^*_{ij} a_{ij} $$

To motivate the "naturalness" of this selection, I would point out that the familiar space of functions (i.e. wavefunctions) of multiple variables (say $x,y,z$) is the tensor product of the spaces of functions of the individual variables. That can be seen simply by noting that a function $f(x,y,z)$ must specify a value for all possible combinations of coordinates $(x,y,z)$, just like a vector in the space you give is characterized by its coefficient $u_{ij}$ for all possible pairs of indices. The inner product of two functions $f(x,y,z)$ and $g(x,y,z)$ is of course: $$ \int dx \int dy \int dz g^*(x,y,z) f(x,y,z) $$ which is totally analogous to the general definition given above.

creillyucla
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Concerning the index notation: Nielsen & Chuang are considering arbitrary finite sums $$\sum_{i\in I} a_i \left| v_i \right\rangle \otimes \left| w_i \right\rangle, \qquad a_i~\in~\mathbb{C},$$ in the tensor product $V\otimes W$, where the index set $I$ is arbitrary but finite: $|I|<\infty$. There is no assumption of, say, linear independence of $$ \left| v_i \right\rangle, \qquad i\in I.$$ Nor is there an assumption of linear independence of $$ \left| w_i \right\rangle, \qquad i\in I.$$ In particular, it is not necessary to assume that the vector spaces $V$ and $W$ have the same dimension.

Qmechanic
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