Why are four-legged chairs so common?

Question

Four-legged chairs are by far the most common form of chair. However, only three legs are necessary to maintain stability whilst sitting on the chair. If the chair were to tilt, then with both a four-legged and three-legged chair, there is only one direction in which the chair can tilt whilst retaining two legs on the ground. So why not go for the simpler, cheaper, three-legged chair? Or how about a more robust, five-legged chair? What is so special about the four-legged case?

One suggestion is that the load supported by each leg is lower in a four-legged chair, so the legs themselves can be weaker and cheaper. But then why not 5 or 6 legs? Another suggestion is that the force to cause a tilt is more likely to be directed forwards or sideways with respect to the person's body, which would retain two legs on the floor with a four-legged chair, but not a three-legged chair. A third suggestion is that four-legged chairs just look the best aesthetically, due to the symmetry. Finally, perhaps it is just simpler to manufacture a four-legged chair, again due to this symmetry.

Or is it just a custom that started years ago and never changed?

Answer 1

Suppose the leg spacing for a square and triangular chair is the same then the positions of the legs look like:

If we call the leg spacing $2d$ then for the square chair the distance from the centre to the edge is $d$ while for the triangular chair it's $d\tan 30^\circ$ or about $0.58d$. That means on the triangular chair you can only lean half as far before you fall over, so it is much less stable. To get the same stability as the square chair you'd need to increase the leg spacing to $2/\tan 30^\circ d$ or about $3.5d$ which would make the chair too big.

A pentagonal chair would be even more stable, and a hexagonal chair more stable still, and so on. However increasing the number of legs gives diminishing increases in stability and costs more. Four-legged chairs have emerged (from several millennia of people falling off chairs) as a good compromise.

Answer 2

The real question is why not 2 legged chairs?

First, our legs are single points that contact the floor. How they reach the floor is not important.

If you have $n$ legs evenly spaced, then the ratio between the radius of the legs and the length of the shortest axis is $\cos(\pi/n)$:

• 2 legs: 0
• 3 legs: 0.5
• 4 legs: ~0.71
• 5 legs: ~0.81
• 6 legs: ~0.87
• 7 legs: ~0.90
• 8 legs: ~0.92

So for a given chair radius/diameter, your ability to tip the chair is measured by the above value. A lower value means it is easier to tip the chair along its "tippy directions".

• 0 legged chairs are known as sitting on the floor.
• 1 legged chairs don't even have a non-tippy direction. They are apparently used when milking cows.
• For a 2 legged chair, it is infinitely tippy along its tippy direction. So clearly that is a bad plan. You can balance by using your legs as a 3rd/4th leg.
• A 3 legged chair has half the stability along its tippy directions as it does along its long direction -- towards a "face" as opposed to a "corner". You can "splay" the legs to make up for it, or accept low stability.
• A 4 legged chair has 71% of the stability towards its tippy direction.
• A 5 legged chair has 81% tippy stability. As an example, rolling office chairs.

The return on additional leg for a 3 legged chair is infinite. For a 4 legged chair, the chair is 41% more stable along the tippy direction than a 3 legged chair. For a 5 legged chair, the chair is ~14% more stable along its tippy direction. (For a fixed radius)

Adding that 4th leg adds a whole bunch of stability. Adding a 5th leg only adds a small amount (1/3 as much). In fact, in order to get the same stability increase from 3 to 4 after you have 4 legs, you need an infinite number of legs (a solid circle or ring of legs).

So 4 legs is the sweet spot between 0 and O.

Answer 3

Five legged chairs are common too.

Sometime in the 1980s a lot of office chairs were replaced - on the grounds that four-legged swivel chairs became quite unstable when the tilting/reclining feature shifted the centre of gravity.

One reference I've found is this, which mentions an Australian safety standard from 1990 I'm pretty sure the mass replacement I described was due to a similar incoming standard in the UK but can't find links at the moment.

Since then, virtually all swivel chairs that I've seen have had five legs.

Answer 4

I'll bet you've never sat in a three-legged chair. They are not very stable. It is easy to tumble out if you lean over too much. I think the problem is that the axis of rotation for tumbling (line between two legs) is closer to the center in a three-legged chair (compared to a four-legged chair) unless the chair is very wide. Leaning over can put your center of mass on the wrong side of that axis causing a torque in the direction that would knock the chair over.

Answer 5

John Rennie provides an excellent explanation as to why a higher amount of legs provides greater stability and improved balance. As for the question of why not greater than 4, it can be answered by considering the environment the chair will be in. It's rational to assume that not all surfaces are equal and flat. As geometry proves, a chair can make contact to the floor with all 4 of its legs on any surface, no matter how warped or saddled, by rotating the chair less than 90 degrees. If you think about this, it makes sense. Numberphile (the youtube channel) has a nice explanation in a video entitled, "Fixing a wobbly table." This doesn't work with any more than 4 legs. Thanks Euclid!

Answer 6

Stability is a valid point, but probably not really the real reason.

People think and design in 90 degree angles. Everything around us is squarish. Rooms, houses, windows, doors, even books and screens. Orthogonality makes calculations and manufacturing simple. It's all about parallel and perpendicular lines, easy cutting, going along the wood grain, zero waste after cutting, and due to all the history and objects around us, the first (and usually the only) design we really think of. Our raw building blocks are usually long rectangular objects: when you take two planks of wood and nail them together, you get a right angle (unless you really took your time to cut and align things in another way).

Honestly, how many people would even consider making something other shape than rectangular or circular? A hexagon is already a stretch, and more trouble than it's worth -- you can't cut in a honeycomb grid because a finite length of the blade prevents you from making a 120 degree turn without ruining the outside. So you're stuck with cutting a rectangle and trimming it to a hexagon.

All in all... it's mostly just geometric simplicity, which makes the engineering much easier for right angles.

Answer 7

This should be more of an engineering/economics question than a physics one. The statement "... the simpler, cheaper, three-legged chair?" Is false. 120 degree angles have historically much harder to manufacture than 90 degree angles, the small cost of an extra leg is easily offset by the increase in manufacturing costs have having to cut innumerable 120 degree angles.

Answer 8

Because the seat is usually square.

If it was round (or another shape) it would be harder to make and harder to attach the back (or extend the back legs to make a back).

If it had no back, it would be a stool. Stools can have three legs.

(Not all answers have to do with physics!)

Answer 9

As explained by John Rennie, 4-legged chairs are more stable than 3-legged ones. It only remains to point out the advantage of 4-legged chairs over $n$-legged ones, $n>4$.

It turns out that on uneven surface only 3-legged objects never wobble, and only 4-legged ones always can be rotated so that they won't wobble. Here's the the abstract of the above paper:

We prove that a perfect square table with four legs, placed on continuous irregular ground with a local slope of at most 14.4 degrees and later 35 degrees, can be put into equilibrium on the ground by a “rotation” of less than 90 degrees. We also discuss the case of non-square table s and make the conjecture that equilibrium can be found if the four feet lie on a circle.

BTW, I find it quite amazing that a result of so basic and of such practical applicability wasn't found until recently.

Answer 10

Perhaps because the surfaces chairs (and tables, beds, etc) are placed on are flat by design with respect to earth's gravitational field. This makes for much better living/working/playing/etc quarters as every current and historical example proves. Building rooms/floors/houses/etc with flat surfaces automatically accommodates any four legged chair/table/bed/etc. Also people/children/balls/etc are balanced on this flat surface. Square chairs and rectangular tables are also much simpler to arrange. So a one-off effort for multiple long-term gains that has existed since before anyone even thought of making a chair. And if you want to sit down while you're fishing from a slanted river bank... there is a solution.

Answer 11

A three legged chair can never wobble, even on an uneven floor, because any set of three points is always coplanar. However... chairs are mostly used on flat floors, so this is not as much of an advantage as one might think over the four-legged chair.

Above all, our bottoms are not triangular. The seat part of the chair is rectangular to match our bum and the legs and feet are generally positioned at the extremities of the rectangle; namely the corners. This ensures that that provided our centre of mass is above the seat, and we are on a level surface, it will act downwards between the feet and the chair will be stable.

However, with every leg we add greater than three, we increase the probability that the coplanar feet will deviate significantly from coplanar points on an uneven floor. In fact the probability of a noticeable wobble doubles as we move from the four to the five legged chair. Furthermore, the fifth leg and any subsequent ones, add nothing to stability since the extremities of the seat are already supported.

The exception to this rule would be a chair on which we may want to lean our bodyweight outside of the four legs, or on which the position of the legs may be unknown. In fact in such instances, such as on an office swivel chair, the chair will often have five castors. These more closely approximate a circle, thereby permitting us to push laterally in order to roll in any direction with stability, whereas a four-castor swivel chair would deliver unpredictable stability depending on whether you happened to push laterally towards a leg or towards the space in-between legs.

Answer 12

The four-legged chair is the chair with the minimum number of legs (for whatever form of the sitting surface) to let you move in two perpendicular directions with equal effort. Leaning back, leaning forward, leaning right, leaning left.

One leg will make you tumble
Two legs will do that too
Three legs are coming closer
Four legs are the best for you