Why does current density have a direction and not current?

Question

• Current is a scalar $I$ with units of $\mathrm{[J/s]}$. It is defined as $I=\frac{\mathrm{d}Q}{\mathrm{d}t}$.
• Current density is a vector $\vec{J}$ (with magnitude $J$) with units of $\mathrm{[J/s/m^2]}$. It is current per unit cross-sectional area, and is defined as $\vec{J}=nq\vec{v_d}$ (where $n$ is the number of moving $q$-charges with drift velocity $v_d$).

Why is $I$ defined to not have a direction? Current density $\vec{J}$ is defined as a vector, so why is current $I$ not?

There are many questions about current vs. current density

... like this, this and this, but none answers my question about one being vector and the other being scalar. Is it simply just a definition? It just seems so obvious to define current as a vector too.

Another but equivalent definition of current density is $I = \int \vec{J} \cdot d\vec{A}$. Mathematically, the dot product gives a scalar. But, for me this doesn't give much explanation still, as we could just as well have mathematically defined current as a vector and then used the area in scalar form in an equivalent formula like: $\vec I = \int \vec{J} \cdot dA$.

Is it just a definition without further reason, or is there a point in keeping $I$ in scalar form?

Answer 1

According to my understanding, indeed you could define a physical quantity like $$\vec{I} = I\;\vec{n_d}$$ where $\vec{n_d}$ is the unitary drift direction. There is no problem with that. But what is the most important is to understand the harmony between different quantities. I mean that there is some little subtleties between $I$ and $\vec{j}$.

The current is defined according to a surface $A_t$ (and is a local quantity: the position of the surface). Since the surface may be tilted (not perpendicular to $\vec{n_d}$), then in general, we should write $$I=n\;q \; \vec{A_t}.\vec{v_d}=n\;q\;A_t \; \vec{n_{A_t}}.\vec{v_d}=n\;q\;A_t \; cos(\theta).v_d$$ where $\theta$ is the angle between $\vec{A_t}$ and $\vec{v_d}$ (If the charge $q$ is negative, $\vec{I}$ and $\vec{n_d}$ would have opposite orientations, which fits with the usual convention of the electric current). Of course, if we have considered a surface $A$ which is perpendicular to the drift, the current would be the same but we would write $$I=n\;q \; \vec{A}.\vec{v_d}=n\;q\;A \; v_d$$

That is, let's talk about the densities. We have $$\mathrm{d}I=n\;q\;v_d\;\mathrm{d}A=n\;q\;v_d\;cos(\theta)\;\mathrm{d}A_t$$ The scalar current density is given by $$j=\frac{\mathrm{d}I}{\mathrm{d}A}=n\;q\;v_d=\frac{1}{cos(\theta)}\frac{\mathrm{d}I}{\mathrm{d}A_t}$$ Yet, you see that you have to be careful about the differential area that you put in the denominator. The current could then be calculated as $$I=\int_A j\;\mathrm{d}A=\int_{A_t} j\;cos(\theta)\;\mathrm{d}A_t$$ Here also, we see a possible source of confusion. This can be fixed if we define a vector current density as $$\vec{j}=j\;\vec{n_d}=n\;q\;v_d\;\vec{n_d}$$ The direction of $\vec{j}$ is resolved too: it's that of the local drift in the considered material position. That direction may be different than that of the average drift of the whole current $\vec{I}$. That is, the expression of the current can be written simply as $$I=\int_A \vec{j}\;\mathrm{d}\vec{A}=\int_{A_t} \vec{j}\;\mathrm{d}\vec{A_t}$$ Or, you could use your own convention and write $$\vec{I}=\bigg(\int_A \vec{j}\;\mathrm{d}\vec{A}\bigg)\;\vec{n_d}=\bigg(\int_{A_t} \vec{j}\;\mathrm{d}\vec{A_t}\bigg)\;\vec{n_d}$$

Answer 2

This is basically just rephrasing some of the existing answers, but:

Current is a scalar $I$ with units of [J/s]. It is defined as $I = dQ / dt$.

Not quite - $dQ/dt$ isn't precisely defined. What is $Q$ the charge of? Current is actually defined to be the charge per time passing through some surface $S$. In terms of current density it can be expressed as $I := \iint_S {\bf J} \cdot d{\bf S}$. The fact that it is only defined with respect to some surface $S$ means that it is an inherently global quantity, unlike current density ${\bf J}$, which can be unambiguously defined at a single point. (Current is also in general not a very physical quantity, unlike current density, because in principle $S$ can be any crazy Gaussian surface. It's exactly analagous to the difference between electric field vs. electric flux.) As others have mentioned, if the surface $S$ is curved then your proposal to integrate with respect to $dS$ instead of $d{\bf S}$ doesn't work.

The problem is that we almost always consider the current going through thin wires, in which case none of these subtleties come up. For the mathematical intuition, it's better to think of current going through a bulk conductor (possibly including eddy currents, etc.) instead.

Answer 3

As you already mentioned $$ I = \int \vec{J} \cdot d\vec{A} $$ current is the charge-flow through a given surface. So If one talks about currents, the surface (and therefore its normal direction) is to be understood beforehand.

You could assign a direction like this: $$ \frac{\vec{I}}{I} = \frac{\int d\vec{A}}{A} $$ which is the mean normal direction of the surface but this makes no sense for curved surfaces (e.g $\vec{I} = 0$ for a ball, regardless of the magnitude $I$).

Answer 4

An old question, maybe to help anyone else with this issue. According to Griffths Introduction to Electrodynamics current is a vector, defined by

$\mathbf{I} = \lambda \mathbf{v}$

Where $\mathbf{v}$ is the velocity of the charges.

The only reason we don't do that is because where the electrons are going is completely dictated by the wire. If a train were running on a track, you would talk about its speed, rather than its velocity.

Answer 5

The current is defined as the rate at which charge flows, therefore, it does not make much sense the add a direction to something that expresses a rate. On the other hand current density involves an area, how much electric current is flowing through a given cross section something physical with a direction, so it makes sense to define it as a vector.

Answer 6

What I think is the best way to look at it is that current is completely local. What I mean is that actually current is defined a distinct region of space. We care about how much charge there is in a region of space and then how much charge is in that same region without worrying to what happened to the first amount of charge. On the other hand, the current density $\vec{J}$ at a point $\vec{r}$ has to do to where is the charge at the point going. That's something that is usually forgotten when teaching circuits.