Is reflection instantaneous?

Question

I was wondering while reading "On the Electrodynamics of moving bodies" by Albert Einstein (1905) (Translated to English).

In the paper, he describes the time as being:

by definition that the “time” required by light to travel from A to B equals the “time” it requires to travel from B to A. Let a ray of light start at the “A time” $t_{\rm A}$from A towards B, let it at the “B time” $t_{\rm B}$ be reflected at B in the direction of A, and arrive again at A at the “A time” $t'_{\rm A}$.

It sounds completely normal however the word "reflected" always intrigued me as normally when I bounce a tennis ball (for analogy of reflection), there is this time duration from with it moves downwards then it moves up towards my hand again, I noticed during this time the ball will be deforming in order to give it time to get the time to "spring" back up towards me.

Similarly, I am wondering even though light travels at $c$ in all time-frames and of course all-reference frames, will light not have any time to change it's direction? If there is $0$ time difference does this not lead to $\infty$'s from being raised like it does to baryonic matter?

I asked this question as I know that any light-ray\photon has a given momentum proportional to its energy like so: $\vec{p} = \frac{E}{c}$ and normally change in momentum direction causes the deformation.

I cannot manage to comprehend how the direction of the photon just changes without any time being passed it seems very nonphysical. I can imagine an light wave being reflected how ever not at a normal incidence (where $\theta = {0}$ degrees as the entire waves would simply collide and annihilate each other).

If there is an time difference it may lead to following situations, the speed for $c$ would change from $t_B - t_A = t'_{\rm A} - t_B$ into this: $t_B - t_A \ne t'_{\rm A} - t'_B$

The change is from $t_B$ to $t'_B$ where $t'_B$ is the new time from when the direction of the light is again heading towards point $A$ after the brief delay between the reflection. This therefore creates a inequality between both expression therefore we cannot calculate $c$ in that way as Einstein proposed as the time difference between $t_A$ and $t_B$ is not invariant and therefore we can say lights velocity is not invariant as Einstein concluded.

Before few get wrong message, I am not criticizing nor suggesting Einsteins work is wrong in fact just trying to get hang of this concept.

Answer 1

You are quite right: Einstein is using highly idealised concepts in a thought experiment. In general ALL interactions between light and matter take nonzero time. But Einstein is justified in this approach because:

1. As stated by Nikos M in his comment:

"Einstein's observation does not need the light to be reflected, one can very well get the same relation with 2 photons one in one direction and the other in the opposite (no reflection required)"

2. But even so, if there is a nonzero time, you simply scale the thought experiments size so that the absorption / re-emission time is arbitrarily small compared to the light's time of flight in the experiment. The great Karl Weierstrass might have said something along the lines of: for every $\epsilon>0$, there exists a scale of experiment $L$ big enough that the deductions hold true within a precision given by $\epsilon$. There is no requirement for us to realise the experiment practically: thought experiments probe principles, so you can make $\epsilon$ as small as you like.

To get back to your main question: reflexion from a metallised or, if you're after higher optical quality suitable for the laboratory, system of dielectric layers actually absorbs a photon and re-emits a new one. Same for any dielectric: we seem to observe light slowing down because actually we don't have light inside a dielectric, we have a quantum superposition of free photons and excited matter states. Or, you could say, photons are repeatedly losslessly absorbed and re-emitted in dielectrics. These processes ALWAYS take nonzero time and I probe these ideas more carefully in my answer to the question "Do Photons Accelerate Upon Creation"

Answer 2

One way to imagine computing the reflection delay is to assume that the reflection process takes place within the first skin depth of the material. Taking numbers straight from the Wikipedia article, a copper conductor reflecting a 100 MHz (radio) wave would do so within its outermost 6.6 μm. In vacuum, light crosses 6.6 μm in about 20 femtoseconds.

Skin depths shrink with higher frequencies, so for visible light the reflection delay will be even shorter. There is an asymptotic limit to the skin depth for very high frequencies.

In general it's probably safe to assume that the reflection delay time is negligible as long as the reflecting layer of the mirror has negligible thickness compared with the total light travel distance.

Answer 3

The importance of any delay or advance at reflection for the thought experimenst has been discussed adequately in other answers.

Reflection and transmission at interfaces of media that show linear response is described by the Fresnel equations. For perpendicular incidence from vacuum the intensity reflectance is $$R2 = \left|\frac{1-n}{1+n}\right|^2~.$$ An ideal mirror has infinite n and the phase change upon reflection is 180 degrees. Note that n is a complex number so for an ideal metallic mirror it is the imaginary part related to conductivity that is infinite. For a non-ideal mirror the phase change is different from $\pi$ and there is a delay upon reflection.