List of minerals
The entries on this alphabetized list of minerals all are blocks and items in the game that share a name with real-world minerals. Minerals are inorganic, naturally occurring crystalline materials.
Amethyst – Overworld variety of quartz found in 
amethyst geodes
Calcite – carbonate mineral found in amethyst geodes and some mountain biomes in veins.
Ice – frozen, crystalline water
Snow – sky-fallen snowflakes (microscopic water crystals)
Ore minerals
Copper – electrically conductive metal that readily oxidizes
Diamond – very hard crystal of pure carbon
Emerald – precious gemstone found in mountains
Gold – soft, precious metal
Iron – hard, durable metal
Lapis Lazuli – used for enchanting
Fictitious minerals
While the materials that make up this list are unique to Minecraft, either their names directly imply they're minerals or they may be commonly perceived as such. Their actual nature is up to one's own imagination.
End Crystal – craftable dragon-healing crystal from the End
Glowstone – brittle, glowing material from the Nether
Netherite – ultrarare, super-hard material that can't be destroyed in lava; found only in the Nether
Nether Star – material dropped by the Wither
Nether Quartz – Nether variety of quartz used as an ornamental block or for special redstone components
Prismarine Crystals – rare building material found in Monuments
Redstone – material that can carry signals and activate moving parts
Rocks (non-minerals)
Minerals are not rocks. Minerals are crystals, and rocks are collections of minerals.
For a list of rocks in Minecraft, see rocks.