30

What is $PATH?

How can I have commands/programs which are only available for me?
I have seen this path ~/bin mentioned before, but what is it used for, and how do I use it?

Braiam
  • 69,112

2 Answers2

28

$PATH is an environment variable used to lookup commands. The ~ is your home directory, so ~/bin will be /home/user/bin; it is a normal directory.

When you run "ls" in a shell, for example, you actually run the /bin/ls program; the exact location may differ depending on your system configuration. This happens because /bin is in your $PATH.

To see the path and find where any particular command is located:

$ echo $PATH
/home/user/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:...
$ which ls     # searches $PATH for an executable named "ls"
/bin/ls
$ ls           # runs /bin/ls
bin  desktop  documents  downloads  examples.desktop  music  pictures  ...
$ /bin/ls      # can also run directly
bin  desktop  documents  downloads  examples.desktop  music  pictures  ...

To have your own private bin directory, you only need to add it to the path. Do this by editing ~/.profile (a hidden file) to include the below lines. If the lines are commented, you only have to uncomment them; if they are already there, you're all set!

# set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists
if [ -d "$HOME/bin" ]; then
  PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"
fi

Now you need to create your ~/bin directory and, because .profile is run on login and only adds ~/bin if it exists at that time, you need to login again to see the updated PATH.

Let's test it out:

$ ln -s $(which ls) ~/bin/my-ls   # symlink
$ which my-ls
/home/user/bin/my-ls
$ my-ls -l ~/bin/my-ls
lrwxrwxrwx 1 user user 7 2010-10-27 18:56 my-ls -> /bin/ls
$ my-ls          # lookup through $PATH
bin  desktop  documents  downloads  examples.desktop  music  pictures  ...
$ ~/bin/my-ls    # doesn't use $PATH to lookup
bin  desktop  documents  downloads  examples.desktop  music  pictures  ...
19

Regarding ~/bin or ~/.local/bin and commands/programs only available to your user

Recent Ubuntu versions include the ~/bin and ~/.local/bin directories in your $PATH, but only if either exist.

If none of these directory exists:

  1. Ensure that your ~/.profile contains the following stanza (the default ~/.profile already does):

    # set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists
if [ -d "$HOME/bin" ] ; then
    PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"
fi

    set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists
    

    if [ -d "$HOME/.local/bin" ] ; then
    PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH"
fi

  2. Create the ~/bin and/or ~/.local/bin directory:

    mkdir -p ~/bin

    and/or

    mkdir -p ~/.local/bin

  3. Either reboot your computer, or force bash to re-read ~/.profile:

    exec -l bash
Danilo Piazzalunga
  • 445