The HDA audio chips need sometimes a manual intervention to make them work correctly. Try the following and see if it corrects your issues:
sudo modprobe -r snd_hda_intel
sudo modprobe snd_hda_intel model=dell
repeat both steps with model=lifebook and model=laptop-amic instead of model=dell if the first step was not successful.
If you are happy with one of the options, you should make it permanent.
With sudo, edit the file /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf and add the line
options snd-hda-intel model=XXX
with XXX being the option you identified above.
I have seen one report of getting problem-free audio after apt purge pulseaudio, but this seems a bit drastic for me. But you can try if nothing else works - the machine works fine with ALSA alone, and on a system like this, you won't benefit from pulseaudio's features anyway.