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The laptop in question is an HP laptop with AMD Ryzen 5500U. The fan is no longer working and I cannot take it for repairing before a week or two. So I still want the laptop to work without the fan until I send it for repair. How should I setup the system so that it keeps the temps within safe limits using only passive cooling? The laptop runs Kubuntu 21.10 and the fan rarely ramped up back when it worked.

A good starting point is disabling turbo and limiting CPU frequency, but how can I set it up to throttle heavily if it reaches high temps to prevent safety shutdown?

td211
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A "modern" solution for you can be using Tlp:
$ sudo apt-get install tlp

Or maybe making some directly changes with Cpufrequtils:
$ sudo apt-get install cpufrequtils

These are tools for manage power consuption and CPU/GPU frequency manipulation. I suggest to you read all docs about that...
(tip: you can underclock for less temp, but also performance).

Ps: if you have some metrics for temps, i don't recommend you make using of schedutil governor (if you have compatibility, also). you don't wanna smell cpu like a popcorn...