|  | 
| Cyning (sovereign) | 
| Ætheling (prince) | 
| Ealdorman (Earl) | 
| Hold / High-reeve | 
| Thegn | 
| Thingmen / housecarl (retainer) | 
| Reeve / Verderer (bailiff) | 
| Churl (free tenant) | 
| Villein (serf) | 
| Cottar (cottager) | 
| Þēow (slave) | 
Hold (or Hauld) was a title of nobility, used in early medieval Scandinavia and the English Danelaw.
History
Holds were described as "noblemen of exalted rank" in Viking Northumbria by Frank Stenton, with a wergild of 4000 thrymsas, equivalent to a king's high-reeve.[1] Hold is described as a title just below the earl in Oxford Dictionary of Surnames.
References
- ↑ Stenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Clarendon Press. p. 509. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
External links
- Eystein Eggen 2005 (Norwegian, Aftenposten)
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