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I'm currently learning on LOCC transformations. In the Dur, 2000 paper, there is a statement that

(...) two pure states $|\psi\rangle$ and $|\phi\rangle$ can be obtained with certainty from each other by means of LOCC if and only if they are related by local unitaries (LU).

From what I've studied, we can transform $|\psi\rangle$ to $|\phi\rangle$ or vice versa by means of LU iff there are unitary matrices relating them. For two-qubit state :

$|\psi\rangle = (U_1\otimes U_2)|\phi\rangle$

So, does LOCC equivalence can be thought as capability of transforming two states by means of LU? If that so, how can the 'Classical Communication'(CC) contribute to the equation? I've looked for an explanation on LOCC, but many reference relating it to majorization, which is pretty abstract and hard to understand for me, a physics student.

glS
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Steve J.
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1 Answers1

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LOCC is a setting which asks about, for example, transforming $|\psi\rangle$ to $|\phi\rangle$, and what is the maximum probability with which that is achieved.

If you restrict to demanding perfect transformations in both directions, then it turns out that this boils down to local unitary equivalence. You can roughly understand this by realising that if you were to perform a measurement, you remove entanglement from the system, and you can never add that entanglement back in again under LOCC. Thus, including a measurement is not reversible.

So, yes, the CC part is irrelevant in the circumstance where you want a reversible transformation. But once you get to the non-reversible regime (even in the case where you want a transformation with certainty), it's very important because that allows you to make measurements, and send the results to the other person, who can take different actions depending on the outcome. For instance, imagine you have the state $$ |\psi\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|00\rangle+|11\rangle) $$ and you want to transform it, under LOCC, to $$ \alpha|00\rangle+\beta|11\rangle $$ with certainty. You can do this by Alice performing a measurement comprising two (non-projective) measurement elements $$ M_0=\left(\begin{array}{cc} \alpha & 0 \\ 0 & \beta \end{array}\right),\qquad M_1=\left(\begin{array}{cc} \beta & 0 \\ 0 & \alpha \end{array}\right). $$ Once Alice has measured, Alice and Bob either share the state $$ \alpha|00\rangle+\beta|11\rangle,\qquad \alpha|11\rangle+\beta|00\rangle. $$ Once Alice has used the CC to tell Bob the result, they can either both do nothing or both apply $X$ so that, in either case, the output is the desired state.

DaftWullie
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