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The best analogy for space's accelerating expansion that I've come across is that: imagine space were like a 2D infinite fabric being pulled in all directions (closer points move apart, and further points move apart faster).

That aside: General Relatively says that time is inexorably linked with space (they bend alongside each other). Is time also affected by/similarly to the expanding of the fabric of space? Is time "slowing down" over time, or is "gravity" (a contortion in space-time) weakening? Or is the effect on time so minuscule that it's essentially unobservable?

chausies
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1 Answers1

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It depends on coordinates

General Relatively says that time is inexorably linked with space (they bend alongside each other).

This is not generally (pun intended) true; it sounds like something out of pop-science, which for your edification I recommend you disregard. In the FLRW model of expanding spacetime only the spatial part of spacetime is actually expanding. It looks like

$$c^2\text d\tau^2=c^2\text dt^2-a^2(t)(\text dx^2+\text dy^2+\text dz^2)$$

for a Euclidean spatial part (elliptical/hyperbolic are also options). So as $a(t)$ increases over time, the time dimension remains constant. It is not curved in the same sense that the $x$ and $y$ and $z$ dimensions are. Here the speed of a null $x$-directed ray $\frac{\text dx}{\text dt}\big|_{\text d\tau=0}$ is $c/a(t)$.


That being said there is a conformal transformation (a certain type of geometry-preserving transformation) that just affects time. Set $\Omega(x^\mu)=\frac{1}{a(t)}$, then transforming $g_{\mu\nu}\to g'_{\mu\nu}=\Omega^2(x^\mu)g_{\mu\nu}$ gives

$$c^2\text d\tau^2=\frac{c^2}{a^2(t)}\text dt'^2-\text dx'^2-\text dy'^2-\text dz'^2$$

where only the time dimension is curved. Here the speed of a null $x$-directed ray $\frac{\text dx}{\text dt}\big|_{\text d\tau=0}$ is still $c/a(t)$, so the net effect is still the same.

controlgroup
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