What exactly is the fireball caused by a nuclear bomb?

Question

This seems like a pretty simple question, but I can't seem to come up with a satisfactory answer. When a nuclear bomb is detonated a large fireball forms. What is the fuel that drives this fireball? Or is it not a fire in the traditional sense (i.e. requiring fuel, oxygen, and a spark)?

Answer 1

A fireball marks the radius at which the plasma - ionised atoms and free electrons from the air, the ground (if detonated near the ground) the bomb casing and the nuclear explosive - become transparent to visible radiation. It is a "fireball" because visible radiation is produced by hot plasma (a few thousand Kelvin and upwards) via a number of processes involving electrons interacting with ions or recombining with ions. The visible radiation escapes to us from the outer part of the fireball - a bit like the photosphere of the Sun.

The plasma is made hot by material absorbing energy in the form of radiation (predominantly gamma and x-rays and the kinetic energy of reaction products) released in the initial fission or fusion explosion and then kept hot from absorbing its own radiation thereafter. Ultimately, the energy arises from the potential energy of the strong nuclear force that binds neutrons and protons together, which is millions of times greater than the atomic chemical potential energy associated with normal "burning".

Unlike the solar photosphere the fireball from an explosion evolves rapidly - expanding and cooling as it does so - because there is nothing like the gravity of the Sun to constrain the hot plasma.

Answer 2

The fireball is not itself burning in the sense of combustion, but is instead the superheated remnants of the atmosphere, ground, water etc. near the point of detonation, which has been turned into a plasma by the enormous temperatures generated by the bomb.

Wikipedia describes a nuclear mushroom cloud as follows:

Initially, the fireball contains a highly ionized plasma consisting only of atoms of the weapon, its fission products, and atmospheric gases of adjacent air. As the plasma cools, the atoms react, forming fine droplets and then solid particles of oxides.

Answer 3

Like ProfRob says, the surface of the fireball is where the cold translucent air turns into hot radiating plasma. However, there are two distinct ways in which the fireball is formed:

1. Air is heated by hard radiation (gamma rays and particles). At first from the bomb material, but later also from the growing fireball.

2. Air is heated by compression when the shock front reaches it.

At first, the radiative heat transport is faster. However, as the surface temperature of the fireball drops, the surrounding air takes more and more time to reach fireball temperatures. That is why this radiative fireball is eventually overtaken by the shock front which is itself strong enough to form a fireball. Obviously, the shock front gets weaker the further it travels, and at some point it stops being strong enough to turn the air into a radiating plasma. At that point the fireball stops growing quickly while the shock front continues to move outwards to do its destructive work.

Answer 4

The main channel of energy transport from the nuclear reaction to the surrounding environment is x-ray radiation. This is intense enough to ionize any matter in the vicinity. The fireball is the resulting plasma.

Answer 5

When you heat material up enough it becomes Plasma. Plasma is quite opaque to light, because it has a large number of free electrons - and free electrons interact with a broad spectrum of light. Plasma is also hot.

Hot things emit radiation as black bodies.

So when you dump enough energy into a bunch of matter, you get a ball of plasma. This ball of plasma acts a bit like an ideal gas -- PV=nRT -- the high temperature causes the pressure to skyrocket, which in turn causes the volume to expand and the temperature to drop. The plasma also radiates light - above the ground, into the transparent air. This transparent air heats up, which can in turn turn it into plasma.

Higher energy particles -- be they photons or not -- also penetrate the plasma, and collide with the air. This is the initial source of energy to heat matter up to a plasma, and at least for some period will outpace the plasma radiation itself.

So you have 3 "waves" of energy:

1. The direct high-energy products of the explosion (photons, neutrons, alpha and beta particles, high-energy nucleons produced by fission). You could easily describe this as more than 1 wave, as some of it move far closer to c than other parts.

2. The hot plasma itself radiating black body radiation.

3. The hot plasma expanding and colliding with the surrounding material.

None of this is "fire". Fire that you know of is rapid oxidation -- it is a chemical reaction. Fire can make things hot enough that they become a partial plasma and hot gas (this is what flames usually are), so that is why the ball of plasma looks like a "fire"ball.

The glow of the black body radiation from the plasma is what you are seeing. And the edge of the fireball is the point at which the air (and other material) hasn't heated up enough to turn to plasma, so is mostly transparent to the light. Once it heats up enough it in turn glows and you can no longer see the plasma behind it it -- the "fireball" grows.

The surface of the sun is also a plasma. It glows like a nuclear bomb does. Unlike a nuclear bomb, most of it is being held down by gravity (lots of particles escape, but little compared to what remains). The sun's surface is kept hot by heat radiating from deep inside the sun, where nuclear fusion is providing the energy to keep the sun glowing.

But, if you where to take a chunk of stellar surface matter and put it on the surface of the Earth, it would behave a lot like a nuclear bomb. Without gravity holding the plasma down, the plasma expands, and the black body radiation of the plasma also blasts in front of it.

You'd lack the "type 1" energy deposit in my list above, but that is just what gets the fireball started.

Answer 6

The atomic incandescent fire ball..

Assuming all the energy is converted into radiation and must therefore flow through the surface at the speed of light. According to Stefan-Bolzman law the energy Q T^4 per second per cm^2 passes through the surface.

Tmax = [ F /(Q . t ) ]^1/4 where Q = Stefan-Boltznann constant 5.8x10^-5 ergs/sec.cm^2. T degrees K and t the time for 99.5% of the energy released, about 30 ns..

F the energy per unit surface area = E / [ 4. pi .R2nd^2], E = energy released. R2nd = radius at second criticality ie the chain reaction stops.

Setting R2nd = 10 cm, E = 10^21 ergs ( 25 kilo tons TNT ) F = 8 x 10^17 ergs /cm^2.

T max = 2.5 x 10^7 degrees K.

Assuming a black body radiator the peak wavelength Wmax = 0.295 / Tmax = 0.92 x 10^-8 cm which is an X-ray. Wm.T = 0.295 from Wien’s displacement law.

Energy of the X-ray= h.c / ( W e ). where h is planks constant 6.626 x 10^-27, c the speed of light 3 x 10^10.cm/sec and. e ergs per electron volt..which gives 14 Kev.

The attenuation of X-rays is given by Iout/Iin = e^-u .L p. where u is the x-ray attenuation factor = 2.05 cm^2/gm, L the path length and p the density if air.( 1.225 x 10^-3 gm/cm^3.

Setting Iout/Iinl at 0.1 gives L = 2.3/ 1.225 x 10^-3 x 2.03 = 10^3 cm or 10 metres.

Werner Heisenberg 1945. Was man zu allererst sehen wird, wird ein gluehener ball von etwa 20 meter Durchmesser sein, der weiss glueht infolge der absorbierten.

The fist thing one will see will be a glowing ball of about 20 metres diameter, glowing white because of the absorbed X-rays.