I have been looking for the answer to that question for a long time, I have spoken with people who according to them "know" about physics, the answers they always give me is "they do it with observations" which seems to me a rather vague answer, I understand perfectly that through observation and experimentation can see certain relationships between magnitudes, but how do they transform that observation into an equation or when they get an idea of how a natural phenomenon can be explained, how do they transform that hypothesis into a coherent and valid equation? , when they say that Newton deduced the equation of the law of universal gravitation as he knew that certain things had to be multiplied, added or raised to a power, etc? I hope someone can give me a satisfactory answer.
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