Why do quarks have a fractional charge?

Question

I am aware that evidence exists that strongly suggests the existence of quarks and do not doubt it. It is just simply really weird to me that they can have a fractional charge. While other elementary particles, such as the electron, carry an integer charge. So logically I would expect charge to be made up in discrete packets of charge just like energy is made up of discrete packets of energy called photons. And spin in particles comes in integers for particles as well. So it's just really weird to comprehend that in this one instance a subatomic particle has fractional charges.

Does this mean you can break up all other integer values assigned to other particles or subatomic particles? Or is this just a freak of nature and only happens in this one instance?

If I'm not being specific enough please try your best to answer what you think I'm asking and if need be I do not mind further enlightening what I am thinking about since I do not fully comprehend the standard theory of particles as I majored in a branch of physics considering general relativity and the universe on a whole.

Thank you if you can answer in the least technical answer possible.

Answer 1

It is just simply really weird to me that they can have a fractional charge.

The quarks have a charge that is 1/3 or 2/3 of the charge of the electron. The charge of the electron is not an integer, it is

−4.80320451(10)×10^−10 esu

By this I mean that it is a convention, to call it an integer of 1 as charge, and it is true that any charge measured macroscopically will be an integer multiple of this.

While other elementary particles, such as the electron, carry an integer charge.

The proton also carries an integer charge in this convention, and that is one of the reasons that we can have matter as we know it, with atoms and molecules etc.

So logically I would expect charge to be made up in discrete packets of charge

It is true macroscopically, all charges measured in absolute number are integer multiples of the electron charge

just like energy is made up of discrete packets of energy called photons.

This is a misunderstanding. Energy is an attribute of particles, the same way their location is space is an attribute. Photons have energy as do protons and electrons and all matter. $E=mc^2$ for particles and $E=h\nu$ for the photons where $\nu$ (nu) is the frequency.

And spin in particles comes in integers for particles as well.

Well, fermions have spin 1/2, 3/2 etc, bosons spin 0,1,2 etc so this is another misunderstanding.

Does this mean you can break up all other integer values assigned to other particles or subatomic particles?

The only reason we are adopting the quark terminology is that it has been found out that the protons and neutrons are not elementary particles.

Physicists found out that atoms were composed of electrons about a nucleus containing protons and neutrons by scattering experiments. These experiments showed that the central nuclei had a hard core and were composite, and it was understood that the nuclei were quantum mechanically bound protons and neutrons in different configurations.

The scattering experiments are ongoing, with higher and higher energies, and have showed us that protons and neutrons are composite and made up by three quarks. The painstaking gathering of many data resulted in the standard model of particle physics, which is a theoretical model that explains practically all observations up to now. This model has the quarks inherent in the description of the strong force . The other elementary particles in the table

are mathematically on par with quarks in being the building blocks of the model.

Or is this just a freak of nature and only happens in this one instance?

If one considers compositeness a freak of nature than this is unique to the strong force: it holds the quarks in the protons and neutrons , and the spill over of that strength holds the nuclei together. As the real world is based on nuclei in atoms it is not one ignorable instance!

The number three comes from the study of the scattering experiments, and the symmetries displayed by a plethora of resonances .The 1/3 and 2/3 come from a higher order algebra, a group structure on which the standard model is based that makes consistent all the data we have of strongly interacting resonances and composite particles like the pions and kaons etc.

Answer 2

I think you guys are just over-complicating the answer with unnecessary physics. And the answer for this question should be a general one for all physics/technical experiments, that is:

You are using measurement values (all values!) only to show relative difference between quantities. It doesn't really matter whether you assign a specific quantity with value of 1.0, 3.0 or 123123.1241. What matters is that this quantity is 3x bigger than that quantity.

While other elementary particles, such as the electron, carry an integer charge.

As said before by others - this is only an assumption (or taken convention) that was made before discovery of quarks having, lets say, 'non-integer' charge. And after that physicists were so used to using "one electron charge" as a quantity, that redefining it into "one quark charge" would be too big overhead.

Please take a look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_units

What Planck did was re-defining physical constants to make calculations easier. Whether you are using esu units or e-charge will basically matter only when doing numerical calculations and will not change underlying physics.

Answer 3

As the other answers indirectly suggest, the question goes deep into a SM not yet fully developed and understood; so a few thoughts might help ...

1. Experimentally, electron-neutron scattering at high energies shows 3 centers of Coulomb repulsion / attraction in a model of the neutron as a ball, like in a Rutherford experiment ... Overall neutral, hence we assign -1/3, -1/3 and +2/3 e to those distributed charges.
2. Quark fields (QCD) are of EM type (see Wikipedia: QCD), i.e. with scalar and vector potential (as if each is associated to a U(1)-connection for Scalar EM Theory); but they correspond to the 3 SU(2)-generators (which I believe it's the real reason we have RGB colors). There should be a way to relate this with an embedding U(1) into SU(2) isoclinic, to get a "reduction of structure group" and justify why each quark has an "electric charge" (Noether charge corresponding to a continuous symmetry generator: U(1) rotation per R,G,B SU(2) generator; think SO(3) for simplicity, or unitary tangent bundle of S^2, which is the Hopf bundle to "see" the quarks with spin directions and rotations about them).
3. Or consider the neutron (baryon) having a 3D vector field with flows in from two directions and out in the 3rd (the 3 quark directions) ...

In my opinion there is room for a better model for baryons, including a better understanding what quarks and colors are ... Unfortunately Electroweak Theory and QCD are separated theory for now, and need unified (but not as a GUT theory) ... until then, just (as they say) "shut up and compute" using quantum numbers as given by the SM :)

Answer 4

The fractional charge on quarks might be to different things.

1. We really should be looking at a different quantum number, where the electron is 3,

2. Charge is probably connected to 'colour' which also comes as a third, and so what we're seeing is '3/3' from the colour-charge and 0 or 1 from the nature of the particle.

3. Quarks probably have integer charges, but the binding process 'eats' 2 electrons, (eg by converting 1 electron-pair into a +/- set) which gives a residue of 1 electron per three quarks.