Since the earth moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit and the sun is located at one of the foci, hence the distance between the earth and the sun continuously changes, so why doesn't the force of gravitation change throughout the year as the masses of the bodies obviously remain the same?
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It does change but we can't feel that change. The reasons we can't feel it are described in the answers to Why don't we feel the subtle speed change of Earth's elliptical orbit?
However, while we cannot feel the change in the gravitational force exerted on the Earth by the Sun, we can feel the change in the distance variation of that force i.e. in the tides. The tidal range is greater when the Earth is closest to the Sun than it is when the Earth is farthest from the Sun, and this change is easily observable. If you are interested in learning more about this see the excellent NASA article on tides.
John Rennie
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