The escape velocity of a black hole at the event horizon is the speed of light, this means an object that is dropped from the top of the black hole's gravitational well will reach the speed of light (just like an object dropped from the top of earth's gravitational well will reach 15km/s when it hits earth's surface, ard 15km/s is earth's escape velocity at earth's surface). So what if the ball is thrown towards the ground? In the earth example, it will reach 15.01km/s, and in the black hole example it will reach 300,000.01km/s. Does this mean the speed of light in not a speed limit?
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To make this question meaningful, you would have to say what this velocity is to be measured relative to. Furthermore, it has to be measured relative to something local, not something distant. See How do frames of reference work in general relativity, and are they described by coordinate systems?
Relative to some other material object that is also at the horizon, the ball can have any speed you like, as long as it's less than $c$. It depends on the ball's object relative to the other object.
You can say that you want the other object to be one that's at rest relative to the black hole, but that won't work. There are no static, timelike world-lines at or within the event horizon.
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You are not saying it, but I assume you are talking about an object with rest mass. An object with rest mass can never reach the speed of light as per SR.
The velocity of the dropped particle is hiding in the $\gamma$. After some algebra we can find: $$ v = c \sqrt{1 - \left[ \frac{1}{\frac{GM}{c^2} \left( \frac{1}{r_\mathrm{final}} - \frac{1}{r_\mathrm{initial}} \right) + 1} \right]^2}$$ You can check and see that the square root term is always less than 1, so the dropped particle does not go faster than the speed of light!
You are correct, the escape velocity of the black hole is c at the event horizon.
The escape velocity from the surface (i.e., the event horizon) of a Black Hole is exactly c, the speed of light.
What is the escape velocity of a Black Hole?
Though, as per SR, no object with rest mass can reach the speed of light, and even if you drop in your example an object towards the event horizon, it will never reach the speed of light.
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