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I'm studying QFT by David Tong's lecture notes.

When he discusses causility with real scalar fields, he defines the propagator as

$$D(x-y)=\left\langle0\right|\phi(x)\phi(y)\left|0\right\rangle=\int\frac{d^3p}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{1}{2E_{\vec{p}}}e^{-ip\cdot(x-y)}$$

then he shows that the commutator of two scalar fields at arbitrary spacetime points $x,y$ is $$[\phi(x),\phi(y)]=D(x-y)-D(y-x),$$

which since the lhs involves operators, I assumed there should also be an implicit identity operator multiplying the rhs.

When he moves on to discuss the propagator of a fermion, however, he defines

$$iS_{\alpha\beta}=\{\psi_{\alpha}(x),\bar{\psi}_{\beta}(y)\},$$ as the propagator, where $\bar{\psi}=\psi^{\dagger}\gamma^{0}$ is the Dirac adjoint.

Could anyone explain to me from where this definition comes from? I find it confusing, since he didn't call the commutator of two scalar fields as the propagator before, he defined it as the vacuum expectation of the field in two different points as $D(x-y)$. Or are the propagators named differently for scalars and spinors? Why does it has to be a matrix instead of a number (meaning, why define it with the adjoint to the right of the anti-commutator instead of the other way around)? Also, why define it with an $i$ factored out?

Qmechanic
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Guilherme Tomishiyo
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1 Answers1

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The trouble with saying $A$ is the "definition" of $B$ is that, although we might be able to prove certain definitions for $B$ are equivalent, that doesn't mean they should all be considered "the" definition as some are more useful starting points. I'll try to suggest what the true starting point should be if you want a unified account of propagators, but of course every other useful equation is deducible from that.

Tong introduces each propagator when he needs it for something, and in doing so starts with whichever expression for the propagator suits his present purpose. But I would argue the way one should define a propagator initially is as a Green's function. He does this with $D$, at least if you ignore the matrix element and skip straight to the integral representation, because by inspection $(i\gamma^\mu \partial_\mu-m)D=\delta (x-y)$. (The Feynman propagator of the Klein-Gordon field makes for a conceptually easier starting point, but for some reason Tong gets to that slightly later.)

Why do we care about Green's functions? We can think of the action as a functional-integral generalisation of the matrix identity $\int \exp (-\frac{1}{2}x\cdot Ax) d^n x = (2\pi)^{n/2}\det D,\,D:=A^{-1}$ for an invertible $n\times n$ square matrix $A$. For example, the Klein-Gordon Lagrangian density is (up to a total derivative) $-\frac{1}{2}\phi^\ast A\phi,\,A:=\square + m^2$. Every propagator starts life with this kind of argument; what does a Green's function of $A$ look like? For all its faults, the first few chapter's of Zee's Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell uses this approach to get the propagators for such a field and also for the more physically relevant problems of electromagnetism and gravity. (I recommend giving it a quick read, if only to see the subtleties involved in dealing with the $A$-needs-to-be-invertible requirement.)

J.G.
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