Is Electromagnetism Generally Covariant?

Question

I'm sure there's a good explanation for the issues leading to my question so please read on:

Classically, we can represent Electromagnetism using tensorial quantities such as the Faraday tensor $F^{\alpha\beta}$ from which (with the help of the metric $g^{\mu\nu}$) we can construct the Maxwell Stress energy tensor $T^{\alpha\beta}$.

This is all well and good and I'v never had an issue with the covariance of electromagnetism, until I was reading about the “paradox” of a charge in a gravitational field.

(the Wiki page is a decent introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_a_charge_in_a_gravitational_field)

Rorlich's resolution to this (referenced on the wiki page) was to calculate that in the free falling frame (but rest frame of the charge) there is no radiation emitted from the charge. Meanwhile on the supported observer's frame (say at rest on the Earth's surface), one would observe radiation being emitted from the charge. It is argued that the coordinate transformation between the two frames is NOT a Lorentz transformation and hence the radiation observed in one frame vanishes upon transformation to the inertial frame.

How does this mesh with general covariance if we can choose a frame (or class of inertial frames) in which the radiation is zero?

Via the same arguments used for the gravitational stress-energy pseudotensor (if a tensor vanishes in one frame it vanishes in all frames) the radiation cannot be a tensorial object I would think.

Note that this argument applies even more simply to the concept of Unruh radiation (i.e we can choose frames in which it is zero). This makes me think Electromagnetism only respects Lorentz covariance which indicates it's not represented by true tensors (but rather some pseudotensor-like object akin to gravitational energy)?

I'm a huge fan of GR and reading about this “paradox” immediately reminded me of the gravitational pseudotensor vanishing in an inertial frame and hence the question. Perhaps there's a simple answer I'm missing.

EDIT: While the question is flagged as a duplicate, My question is more general. I'm curious about how the radiation stress energy tensor can change in non inertial frames. the radiating charge in a gravitational field is just one example, where the radiation appears to exist in one frame and not the other. From quantum physics the unruh and hawking radiations are other examples of radiations appearing in one frame and not in another. I get that a tensorial object shouldn't be able to vanish in one frame. I'm just curious about what we can say about making an arbitrary electromagnetic wave vanish in some frame. since it can be done in some cases, in what other cases can this be done? While we can say that the quantum and classical cases are totally different, note that they both involve radiation vanishing under a noninertial (nonlorenztian) coordinate transformation.

Answer 1

General covariance means that the 'form' of the fundamental laws of physics is independent of the coordinate system chosen - it does not mean that observations of observers using different coordinate systems necessarily agree. This statement is quite obvious but important. For example, in the context of SR, two observers might measure different elapsed times and distances for a particular event (say, $t/T$ and $x/X$). Even though x does not equal X and t does not equal T, if both observers construct the invariant proper time $t^2-x^2$ and $T^2-X^2$, they will get the same answer (c=1 here). Thus, the 'law of physics' that is invariant wrt Lorentz transformations is that the proper time elapsed for a particular event will be the same for all inertial observers.

Your example is similar - in the covariant formulation of Maxwell's equations, it is not a 'fundamental law of physics' that an accelerating charge must radiate. Indeed, we cannot even define acceleration until we choose a coordinate system. Instead, the covariant law of physics gives a relationship between tensors which is independent of the coordinates chosen (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations_in_curved_spacetime). It is this law of physics that will be invariant with respect to arbitrary coordinate transformations (this is obvious because the law is written using tensors). The statement 'an accelerating charge radiates' already assumes a system of coordinates, and so cannot be a 'covariant law of physics'. Thus, this 'paradox' has no bearing on the covariance of electromagnetism.