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I like some 'science' in my 'science fiction', so I started crunching out the kinematic equations for some of the scenarios my characters are getting involved in, and ran smack dab into an issue. (Please excuse my formatting, I can't figure out sub/superscript notations)

$v_f = \sqrt{2ad}$, with $v_i$ assumed to be 'close enough' to zero. That's easy enough to crunch the math on.

Except... With sufficiently high values for $a$ or $d$, you start crowding, or even violating, the light speed limit.

And I can't find the equations to help handle relativistic distortion! I know they exist because I remember working with relativity when I took my physics class, years and years ago.

Apoorv
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RonLugge
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2 Answers2

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I'm guessing you really just want the appropriate equations rather than an in depth treatment of relativistic acceleration. In that case read Phil Gibbs' article on the relativistic rocket. In particular, the velocity measured by an observer watching the rocket is:

$$ v = \frac{at} {\sqrt{1 + (at/c)^2}} $$

and the distance the rocket has travelled is:

$$ d = \frac{c^2}{a} \left(\sqrt{(1 + (at/c)^2} - 1\right) $$

Phil Gibbs doesn't give velocity as a function of distance, but it shouldn't be hard to use the second equation to substitute for $t$ in the first equation. That would give you velocity as a function of distance. Incidentally, as Monster Truck points out, the equation for distance is $v^2 = 2ad$ not $v = 2ad$, though I'm guessing that's just a typo.

Note that the variable $t$ in these equations is the time measured by the stationary observer watching the rocket. Because of the time dilation that happens at speeds near the speed of light, the time measured by the stationary observer and the the time measured by the crew of the rocket will not be the same. Because of this the equations give the velocity and distance of the accelerating rocket as measured by the stationary observer. The experience of the crew inside the rocket would be different.

In the unlikely event you feel the urge to find out how these equations are derived, borrow a copy of Gravitation by Misner, Thorne and Wheeler. The equations for the relativistic rocket are derived in chapter 6. However be warned that it's not easy going.

John Rennie
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I gues you want to simulate things in a game. In principle, you should make your dynamics Poincare-invariant. But the difficulty is that there is no nice $N$-particle dynamics with all the required properties (Jordan-Currie-Sudarshan theorem).

The 2-body case can be reduced to an external field problem by working in a common rest frame. But once you have more than two dynamic entities, you need to resort to approximations, not only for the numerics but also for the ideal dynamics.

Unfortunately, I don't know of any work on sensible relativistic approximations at speeds close to $c$, even in the 3-body case.

If you are always far from the speed of light, you can use the post-Newton approximation. http://www.math.ca/cjm/v1/cjm1949v01.0209-0241.pdf

Arnold Neumaier
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