Why do we see the sun as being yellow, if it is actually white?

Question

How is the light from the sun scattered by the atmosphere in such a way for us to see it as yellow when it is actually white?

Answer 1

Rayleigh scattering of light is responsible for the blue light from the Sun being scattered more than the red light.
The scattering is proportional to $\dfrac{1}{\rm wavelength^4}$.
As the light from the Sun passes though the Earth's atmosphere the blue light is preferentially scattered and so the light which is left produces the image of the Sun as being yellow or if it is low down near the horizon red because the light from the Sun has to travel through a greater thickness of the Earth's atmosphere.
The scattered blue light results in the blue sky.

Answer 2

Around a half of the Sun's radiation dissipates in the atmosphere. This happens more likely with blue photons as with the others. Generally, more energetic things interact more likely. In the specific case of the atmosphere, their refractive index is higher and the dissipation happens partially on the water molecules in the air.

The result is that we get back the missing blue part of the sunlight on the blue sky.

The summed light of the blue sky and the yellow Sun is exactly white. I can say really exactly, because this is the color (more exactly: photon energy spectrum) for which our eyes evolved.