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Just curious to know. Suppose physicists start from the very beginning, i.e defining the fundamental quantities, figuring out the math etc. So will they see the universe differently than what we have presently, particularly can we obtain any alternative to time? Why is time given such an importance? Why is time defined as : "Time is what the clock reads"?

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The universe is not static, the configuration of objects change, in the same way we can measure a length with a rule, we can also measure how fast or slow something changes. The rule compares the marks on it(ticks) with the edge of the object. In the same way we can measure the length of a change by measuring it with a clock (we call clock as anything that can tick uniformly so we can count the number of ticks than a process lasts. But that is not telling much about the nature of time. There are different theories, for instance, you have "Eternalism" (a philosophical approach to the ontological nature of time), which takes the view that all points in time are equally "real", as opposed to the presentist idea that only the present is real