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Lets assume a body with a certain mass is in a region of space that has zero $g$ (or pretty close to zero $g$).

  1. Would acceleration in a straight line produce $g$-forces?

  2. Would that mass acquire weight?

  3. Would moving at a constant speed in a tight circle produce $g$-forces?

Qmechanic
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Amphibio
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2 Answers2

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Let's be clear what we mean by weight. Suppose you are holding an accelerometer then you are weightless if the accelerometer reads zero and your weight is non-zero if the accelerometer reads some non-zero value $a$. Your weight is then simply $ma$ where $m$ is your mass.

So for example the accelerometer in the smartphone in my pocket currently reads 1g so my weight is around 65g (my mass is around 65 kilos). If I were inside the international space station my phone accelerometer would read zero and I would be weightless (as any number of videos from the ISS will show).

Now we've established this, it should be obvious that acceleration in a straight line and the centripetal acceleration in circular motion both result in a non-zero weight.

I would guess you're really interested in whether this weight is the same whether the acceleration is due to gravity or whether it's due to a change in velocity. The answer is that yes it is the same, and indeed this is (one form of) the Einstein equivalence principle. More precisely the equivalence principle tells that acceleration and gravity are locally equivalent.

For more on this you may want to read the answers to Is it always possible to determine whether or not one is accelerating?, or search this site for more.

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John Rennie
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In science and engineering, the weight of an object is the force acting on the object due to gravity. --(1)

The gravitational force equivalent, or, more commonly, g-force, is a measurement of the type of force per unit mass – typically acceleration – that causes a perception of weight--(2)

Using these definitions:

1.Would acceleration in a straight line produce g-forces?

Yes. Let's say you're wearing an Iron Man suit(this assumption works well as now the source of the thrust and you, the observer, are one and the same). From definition (2) it's quite obvious that if you acquire an acceleration $a$, you'll experience a force upwards from your feet, equivalent to a perceived weight equal to your mass times $a$.

2.Would that mass acquire weight?

You will acquire a perceived weight, which is not exactly weight in its truest sense according to definition (1).

3.Would moving at a constant speed in a tight circle produce g-forces?

The people in the ISS are doing about the same thing, and they don't experience g-forces. Not because they're weightless(they 'feel' weightlessness, but they're very much under the influence of gravity), but because every particle in their body as well as everything around them is in a constant state of free fall- everything is accelerating towards the earth at the same rate. G-forces can only be produced by mechanical stress, such as being flung around by a rope or from the surface of your seat as you shoot into space. Using thrusters as the source for the centripetal force, you will indeed experience g-forces.

Reet Jaiswal
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