$\dfrac {sin\theta1}{sin\theta2}=\dfrac {v1}{v2}=\dfrac {n2}{n1}$
I understand this equation, but what is the velocity of a light wave going through air and what is the velocity/change in velocity as it enters standard glass of roughly 1.5 refractive index?
The answer first: the speed of light and the refractive index are closely related. The speed of light in some material with refractive index $n$ is simply:
$$v = \frac{c}{n}$$
where $c$ is the speed of light in vacuum. The refractive index or air is around 1.0003 - see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index for details.
Then some comments: bearing in mind that we all have limited time, it would be worth reading up a bit before posting questions. If you're interested in optics I can recommend the book I learned from, Optics by Hecht and Zajac - http://www.amazon.co.uk/Optics-World-Student-Eugene-Hecht/dp/0201304252 - I learned optics 35 years ago but it hasn't changed much!
Your questions are great, the problem is that the answer comprises several math classes and chapter 4 of Hecht's book.
The problem of acquiring a textbook for you is not one we can solve, but I would encourage you to get a copy of 'Optics' by Eugene Hecht (any edition, you should be able to find it cheap) and then teach yourself the mathematics involved. This book presents a brief history of optics, wave mechanics, some electro dynamics, and then starts on the propagation of light. Very well treated.
