Inspired from the commentary on this question.
How far apart do two objects have to be for the gravitational force between them to be negligible? By negligible I mean, that it could never be measured rather than a technical limitation that results in a measurement/force of zero and/or the accuracy of the measurement is too imprecise to be of use.
Basically when is the force to small to ever be measured, now or in the future? Is there a limiting distance?
In classical gravity, the answer is "never". In general relativity, the answer is "never".
Now what about a quantum theory of gravity? We don't know how it'll work, but it should reduce to general relativity in the classical limit (i.e. the limit of weak fields and large distances, which is exactly what your question is about). So the answer is still "never".
What about when the force gets less then the "Planck force" or whatever? "The Planck foo" is completely meaningless; it's just the foo that can be formed out of $\hbar$, $c$, and $G$. The significance is that because it has all of those constants in it, the Planck foo might be a quantity that comes up in quantum gravity.
It turns out the Planck force is over $10^{44}$ Newtons, so it might be an indication that something weird happens when forces get that high. Again, it says nothing about what happens when forces get low; that should just continue to work.
No distance is far enough.
Among other things, if you are extremely far away, then there is room for lots and lots of things to be far away from you and even if they individually have little effect we can find the net effect of all of them. So we know the effect of each one is not zero.
So we can prove the effect of A on B is not zero even when they are far far apart by having many As and seeing the total effect on B.
When you are far away you are being affected by the distant past though. Since that is what affects you. But you are still affected.
Here is an example. For any star of any mass you can orbit it at any distance (provided you aren't too close to the event horizon). If you are far away the period of your orbit is just longer. Its like how the year is a certain duration here on earth but a planet farther out would just take longer to go around a circle.
You can go around the circle at a huge radius and the Planck length isn't a factor. The Planck length is about quantum mechanics and gravity but in the regime where quantum gravity reduces to the kinds of experience we see every day you get the weak field limit of classical GR and you can orbit at any large enough radius.
So gravity affects you even when you are really really far away and quantum mechanics doesn't change that. Since no one knows why you think otherwise or even why you might that's all I can tell you.
So you're saying there is a measurable force no matter how far apart the objects are? By measurable, I mean actually measurable, not a number that is greater than zero.
Yes. If you are a distance $R$ away and have a mass $M$ then you feel of force of $F=GMm/R^2$ when you are in the classical GR weak field limit (which exists at large lengths). And so you accelerate at $Gm/R^2$ which from $v^2/R$ for circular motion means $v=\sqrt{Gm/R}.$ So we can relate your period and total distance travelled which are all things that can be actually measured out therein the region where the classical GR weak field limit holds. We have $v=D/T$ which can be measured ($D$ and $T$ can be measured) then we can note that it will be equal to $\sqrt{Gm/R}.$ All that happens when $R$ is very very large is that $v=\sqrt{Gm/R}$ becomes very small which means $D$ will be small compared to $T.$
Note that if your speed gets large compared to $c$ you will need to use SR dynamics instead of Newtonian. But it is still classical GR weak field limit so the Planck length will not be relevant.
Now if you want to argue that the cosmological constant or dark energy is s limit then you have to argue if is constant (versus dynamic) and whether that is a technical issue that we can get around by placing matter in the space between the two objects.
And the whole light cone issue is still there, but if you have expansion you might only have access to a finite portion of the sending objects history. Is that your concern? I feel like I'm guessing here, which makes me thing the question might be too broad.
The question is ill-posed.
At the classical level, the force (gravitational or otherwise) between objects never becomes zero. It goes to zero as the distance goes to infinity, but it never really becomes zero.
At the quantum level, we don't have a theory of gravity, but already the concept of "distance" doesn't make precise sense anymore, since quantum states are very rarely position eigenstates (in fact, almost never, since the position eigenstates tend to lie outside the Hilbert space of states), so their "distance" is not well-defined anymore. Also forces don't work by being real number, but by providing certain types of interactions.
So, either way, there is no distance at which the force (gravitational or otherwise) would become zero.
