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I have 2 objects which are intially connected together, $O_1$ and $O_2$. When they are connected together, they have a rotation rate about their center of mass of $w_1$. $O_2$ is cleanly released from the connected system, and $O_1$ is now rotating at a rate of $w_2$.

Given that any mass properties of the system can be measured, and that the mass of $O_2$ is known, how can one find the mass of $O_1$, given that this is the one property of the system which cannot be directly measured? Also, what will happen to $O_2$ after release?

One can assume that there is absolutely no friction/resistance.

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If there is no friction or resistance, then when you cut the masses free they will both simply move in straight lines maintaining the velocity they had at the moment of the cut. Neither one will rotate around a center any more, except that they will both rotate around their own centers at angular velocity $\omega_1$, just as they were doing when they were cut.