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Some of my questions haven't been well received, because I seem like I'm challenging well respected theories without having done the proper university training and study.

I have been studying this online as a hobby for over five years though. I have a problem with the idea of Hawking radiation.

If you have a black hole such as the one in the center of our galaxy, with the gravity of tens of thousands of suns, how can a photon or anything possibly escape that gravity?

I've heard that Hawking radiation supposedly happens through quantum tunneling, because we can see sub-atomic particles popping up here and there in labs, but if a photon managed to "tunnel" it's way out of the event horizon of a black hole with such amazingly huge gravity, through some other dimension where gravity doesn't have any effect, then wouldn't it appear just outside the event horizon, and be sucked straight back in anyway?

If it didn't go straight back in, it would be caught in some sort of orbit of the black hole, or bump into the material that was surrounding it, wouldn't it?

I don't understand how it could be possible for anything to ever escape a black hole of that magnitude. How far have they observed quantum particles tunneling in the lab? The event horizon would be many kilometers, and anything that popped up in that space would go straight back in.

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I discuss this in my answer to Black holes and positive/negative-energy particles.

The idea of Hawking radiation being caused by virtual particles is just a metaphor. The radiation is actually due to the fact that in curved spacetime there is no unambiguous choice of the vacuum state. What appears to be the vacuum state for an observer close to the event horizon will appear to be a state populated by particles to a distant observer. These particles constitute the Hawking radiation.

John Rennie
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