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I will start with an example. Consider a symmetry breaking pattern like $SU(4)\rightarrow Sp(4)$. We know that in $SU(4)$ there is the Standard Model (SM) symmetry $SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y$ but depending on which vacuum we use to break this symmetry, in a case you can totally break the SM symmetry, with the vacuum : $$\Sigma_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 0& I_2 \\ -I_2 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ and in another case, these symmetry is preserved, with the vacuum $$\Sigma_2 = \begin{pmatrix} i\sigma_2& 0 \\ 0 & i\sigma_2 \end{pmatrix}$$ In the first case (with $\Sigma_1$), the generators corresponding to the SM symmetry are part of the broken generators so the SM symmetry is totally broken. In the second case ($\Sigma_2$), the SM generators are part of the unbroken generators then the SM symmetry is preserved. As you can read, I know the answers but not how to find them !

So, my questions are :

  1. How is it possible in general (not only for the $SU(4)\rightarrow Sp(4)$ breaking pattern) to construct the vacuum that breaks the symmetry ?

  2. Is it possible, when constructing the vacuum, to ensure that the vacuum will (or not) break a sub-symmetry like the SM symmetry in the previous example ?

m0nhawk
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KoObO
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2 Answers2

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  1. As your QFT theory text should tell you, for an action invariant under G, addition of a Higgs potential only invariant under its subgroup H will spontaneously break the generators in G/H. You ought to do due diligence and study and understand and reproduce all examples of elementary classics such as Ling-Fong Li, PhysRev D9 (1974) 1723. There are, of course, far too many such treatises in the groaning literature!

  2. Usually it is possible, but this is a question depending on the particular circumstances of G and H. If you are ambitious, you could run through the tables of Slansky's 1981 review article to reassure yourself. For your particular example above, the answer is "yes". SU(4) has 15 generators, Sp(4) has 10, and the SM has but 4. Preserving your symplectic metric $\Sigma_1$ preserves Sp(4), but you may check by writing down the generators that the alternative does not; nevertheless you may rewrite $\Sigma_2= 1\!\!\! 1 \otimes i\sigma_2$ with the 2x2 identity matrix on the left, preserving SU(2) of course; and the right group trivially preserves itself, a U(1), at the very least!

Cosmas Zachos
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As I understand the question, it is: what are the possible unbroken subgroups when a symmetry group G is spontaneously broken? If we assume that Lorentz invariance is unbroken, then we can look at the possible vacuum expectation values of a scalar field that transforms under some representation R of the symmetry group G. This can be calculated for specific G and R, as in the examples already listed, but general results are few.

A scalar field transforming like a vector under SU(n) [or SO(n)] can break these symmetries down to SU(n-1) $\otimes$ U(1) [or SO(n-1)], since the group transformations in the subspace orthogonal to the direction of the VEV leave the vacuum invariant. There are many other examples in the literature.

MikeV
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