My 2012 Volvo C30 T5 has been having a recurring engine code P2196 (O2 Sensor Stuck/Biased Rich) for some time now. It has popped up on four or five separate occasions. I usually clear it, but one time it went away by itself during a 2-hour drive at highway speeds.
At first, I noticed that it seemed to pop up when going through a touchless car wash, specifically at the very moment that the underbody was sprayed with water. This happened twice. I thought maybe a boot was torn and the water was causing a sensor to report a value out of spec. But, it also popped up a couple of times while idling or driving slowly, which is what I do when I’m going through the car wash, so it could just be linked to idling/driving slowly.
Context, I typically do lots of city driving and little highway. The user manual recommends premium, but states that regular fuel will not damage the engine. I had been putting in premium, even 94 at one point, to try to clear the issue, but to no avail. One day, I filled up with regular 87 in preparation for a 2 hour trip at highway speeds. To my surprise, the light went away during this drive. Not sure why.
Anyway, all this seems to point to a bad O2 sensor. But, when I did an “O2 Sensor Test” with my OBDII code reader, the test passed.
What could this mean? Should I try replacing the upstream O2 sensor anyway?
More context: ODO is at 150,000km (93,000 mi). Oil is always changed on time, with synthetic . Air filter looked fine last I checked, and I think the spark plugs were changed recently, but not sure about the fuel filter or PCV system. I do lots of 10 minute trips from a cold start, we do have long cold winters here, and the car is garaged most of the time.