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If, for example, one has an input voltage of 5 Volts, and one wants to obtain this voltage modulo 3, as:

$$V_\text{out} = 5\mod 3\text,$$ then how does one perform this operation using simple circuitry?

This is perhaps an unusual question, but the aim is to try and replicate the basic programming math operations (+,-,*,/,%) using the simplest circuitry possible, and with voltages.

So far, I found this old question from 2013 on the topic, , Is there a device to get modulo of voltage value? but over here (from what I understood), there's only the possibility of modulo 2n, n being the number of cascaded stages. If, one wants modulo 3 or 5, then how does one change/replace the circuit mentioned in the attached question's answer to do this?

There is also a circuit mentioned in this paper: https://www.academia.edu/2309394/An_8-bit_Voltage_Mode_Analog_to_Digital_Converter_Based_on_Integer_Division but even this states that the reference number for division (modulo) should be a proper power of 2?

priest_at_syrinx
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Short answer: no, you can't solve numerical problems with strictly analog circuitry. The moment you build something that does that, it inherently, by the very definition of the word, becomes digital.

So, your simplest circuit that can do that is actually an ADC of sorts. In fact, sigma-delta ADCs are pretty close to that, functionally, and you'll have a fun time reading up on how they work :)

Marcus Müller
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