mysqli.so is indeed flagged missing and seemingly NOT installed in 18.04. It appears to me the packages are broken because there is a php-mysqli and it is not installed while php-mysql is.
I was not able to install the php-mysqli package otherwise and it throws no errors in apt when I try, it just doesn't install anything.
However, I found mysqli.so in /var/lib/php/modules/7.2/cgi/enabled_by_admin/.
Add extension=/path/here/to/mysqli.so under your extension=mysqli in php.ini and you should stop throwing the mysqli.so missing error.
IMHO these packages are borked and it isn't entirely clear what provides mysqli.so, and won't work out of the box unless you enable the extension and set your path for the extension once you find it (you can use dpkg-query -L to see if mysqli.so is part of the package contents, and where it gets installed)