I've configured the WiFi SSID and key through /etc/network/interfaces as shown below:
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet dhcp
wpa-ssid MYWIFINAME
wpa-ap-scan 1
wpa-key-mgmt WPA-PSK
wpa-psk WIFIKEYGOESHERE
I did not use the usual password. I ran it through wpa_passphrase to get the proper key.
Even though these settings seem correct, and running iwconfig gives me this:
wlan0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"MYWIFINAME"
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.462 GHz Access Point: AB:CD:EF:12:34:56
Bit Rate=72.2 Mb/s Tx-Power=20 dBm
Retry short limit:7 RTS thr=2347 B Fragment thr:off
Power Management:off
Link Quality=38/70 Signal level=-72 dBm
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:4 Missed beacon:0
lo no wireless extensions.
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 7392:7811 Edimax Technology Co., Ltd EW-7811Un 802.11n Wireless Adapter [Realtek RTL8188CUS]
... I can not ping any website, as they all return unknown host site.com and I can not ping my own router. Running ping -c 4 10.0.0.1 returns Network is unreachable, so what can I do? I don't have any information on the server right now, so I could wipe and reinstall if necessary.
When the server is rebooted, starting it up causes it to stall on Waiting for networking configuration, and it gives itself over 60 seconds to finish, but gives up.
Output of sudo ifup -v wlan0: http://paste.ubuntu.com/12989292/
EDIT: I decided to wipe the server, and I'm going to install Ubuntu Server in a VM in order to make it easier to use the Internet connection. It will be much easier to set up in Windows.