This is what I get when I go to the System Settings (Ubuntu 14.04):

I tried to reinstall ubuntu-desktop et similia but anything changed
But if I uninstall ubuntu-desktop, System Settings shows me a few options like this:

What should I do?
EDIT:
I have already tried
sudo apt-get install --reinstall gnome-control-center
sudo apt-get install --reinstall gnome-settings-daemon-schemas
sudo apt-get install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop