It can depend on the extension. In the case of "ProCon Latte Content Filter" there is an easy solution (at least for the Mac version of Firefox v54).
First make sure that ProCon Latte's password option is enabled. Then make sure Firefox is not open.
Now, find the "prefs.js" file in your Firefox profile folder (e.g. /Users/yourname/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/yourprofile.default/prefs.js).
Open the file using TextEdit [make a backup first in case you make a mistake].
Find this section:
{9D6218B8-03C7-4b91-AA43-680B305DD35C}.xpi\",\"multiprocessCompatible\":false,\"runInSafeMode\":false,\"
All you have to do is change the part that says "runInSafeMode\":false,\" into "runInSafeMode\":true,\"
Save the change.
When you start Firefox in Safe Mode, you will find that ProCon Latte is working, despite it claiming it is disabled in your Add-ons list.
Note: You might find it a good idea to make ProCon Latte a global extension (this will make it available to all Firefox users as well as any new profiles you create). Just move the file called "{9D6218B8-03C7-4b91-AA43-680B305DD35C}.xpi" in your profile's "extensions" folder to the Mozilla extensions folder (e.g. /Library/Application Support/Mozilla/Extensions/{ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}). You will then have to redo the alteration of the "prefs.js" file. This alteration would also have to be done for each user and profile if you don't want them bypassing it in Safe Mode.
Also, if you have a very tech savvy kid trying to get around this content filtering - get an app like "invisibliX" so that you can turn Firefox's profiles and extensions folders invisible.