I had problem running chromium in kios app mode too in recent rpios (not that's matter in this case what distro (image from 2023-12-11)). I didn't get window to show when I started chromium-browser from autostart script, but if I used F11 (fullscreen on/off) to toggle fullscreen then I get window to show just fine - this gave me a bit to think so I did few experiments...
I could run in kiosk mode but app mode is more desirable since it disables some annoyance like Matheus Santana mentioned in comment.
Solution
I found out that if you want to run chromium-browser in --app mode and --start-fullscreen you have to also add --start-maximized option to command line too.
Here is command what I use for my kiosk-mode, maybe someone find it useful or inspiring :) :
chromium-browser --incognito --start-fullscreen --start-maximized --kiosk --noerrdialogs --disable-default-apps --disable-single-click-autofill --disable-translate-new-ux --disable-translate --disable-cache --disk-cache-dir=/dev/null --disk-cache-size=1 --reduce-security-for-testing --app=http://<app-url>/
My chromium version as per 2024-01-02:
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ chromium-browser --version
Chromium 119.0.6045.171 Built on Debian , running on Debian 12