Assuming you have the WiFi drivers properly configured and installed in your recently built Ubuntu system, and from a root shell or with su (other privs might suffice but a root shell is the fastest reliable method to alter configs ), Linux shell commands and switches are case sensitive:
An instant "shotgun to the wall" method to determine if your WiFi adapter is properly installed but potentially just awaiting to be enabled is to do the following commands:
ifconfig wlan0 up
ifconfig wlan1 up
If there aren't error messages, your adapter was disabled and needed to be enabled.
If that still fails, can you run iwconfig and copy/paste the output since it isn't terribly lengthy as your dmesg that is best served hosted at codebin.org
iwconfig
And look for a wireless interface likely named wlan0 or wlan1, etc., that should have some description of your missing adapter.
Just because the installation bootstrapper managed to detect your adapter, doesn't mean the installed version is just as capable.