Note: I am using ubuntu server.
I have an nvme main drive, and I have two of the same 2tB hard drives.
I connected one of my hard drives and ran dd if=/dev/nvme0n1 of=/dev/sda2 status=progress
It copied about 40gB of data, then I restarted and booted from the hard drive and I had a working clone.
Then I removed that hard drive and connected the other hard drive, then ran sudo dd if=/dev/nvme0n1 of=/dev/sda2 status=progress
I added sudo the second time, because I wasn't sure if I had used it the first time (I probably did not).
It is currently at 805gB copied and still going. Why the massive discrepancy?
Update: I started over and ran dd if=/dev/nvme0n1 of=/dev/sda status=progress
but it said permission denied. So I added sudo, and now it's cloning everything again -- currently at 129gB. I am still confused as to why I was able to clone with only 40gB of transfer the first time.