Note: This answer will be incomplete without your feedback @John.
Click GNOME Settings¹ → Users → Unlock → Add User... and create a new "standard user".
Log out from your current user and log in with the "new user". Try Google Chrome under that user.
If it runs OK, then there is a problem with your "normal user"'s configuration.
You can log out from the "new user" and log back in to your "normal user". Delete the "new user" (by deleting its files too).
In your "normal user" run:
$ pgrep -ax chrome
[ Ensure no output is produced; otherwise re-log in and retry ]
$ cd ~/.config
$ mv google-chrome google-chrome_OLD
Retry launching Google Chrome. Note: This way you will lose all the configurations, history, bookmarks, cookies etc. If you want them back, you can restore some data from the ..._OLD directory step by step.
¹ Command-line for GNOME Settings is gnome-control-center.