You can try manually modifying the mimeapps.list file which contains all custom file associations.
This file can be found in ~/.local/share/applications or ~/.config (I'm using Ubuntu 20.04 and the file is in ~/.config. I'm not sure about 18.04, though).
Here is how you can proceed:
Find the name of the desktop entry for your Texmaker program:
Run this command in a terminal:
ls /usr/share/applications | grep -i tex
Look at the output and find something like:
texmaker.desktop
Open the mimeapps.list file with a text editor. You will see something like this:
[Default Applications]
audio/mpeg=vlc.desktop
image/jpeg=qView.desktop
[Added Associations]
audio/ogg=vlc.desktop;celluloid.desktop;
Add the following line to the [Default Applications] part:
text/x-tex=texmaker.desktop
The part would then look like this:
[Default Applications]
audio/mpeg=vlc.desktop
image/jpeg=qView.desktop
text/x-tex=texmaker.desktop
Save the file and you're done (remember to change texmaker.desktop to the name that you found).
For reference, the line for .txt files will be something like:
text/plain=org.gnome.gedit.desktop