The answers provided by @user1839457 and @flint work well.
Note that as an alternative to unsetting the ID_INPUT* variables, one can also use something like this, as documented in the libinput troubleshooting section:
If a device has the LIBINPUT_IGNORE_DEVICE udev property set to any value but “0”, that device is not initialized by libinput.
[...]
This property should be used for devices that are correctly detected as input devices [..] but that should not be used by libinput. It is recommended that devices that should not be handled as input devices at all unset the ID_INPUT and related properties instead. The LIBINPUT_IGNORE_DEVICE property signals that only libinput should ignore this property but other parts of the stack (if any) should continue treating this device normally.
# /etc/udev/rules.d/99-disable-trackpoint.rules
# Skip trackpoint device addition
ACTION!="remove", ATTRS{name}=="*TrackPoint*", ENV{LIBINPUT_IGNORE_DEVICE}="1"
However, I found that on my computer (Lenovo ThinkPad X1), either option would also disable my physical mouse buttons above the trackpad. I put together a small project to work around that, which you can find here. In case somebody stumbles upon the exact same problem, simply follow these few simple steps:
# clone repo
git clone https://github.com/tmoerschell/trackpoint-filter.git
cd trackpoint-filter
build
mkdir build && cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -GNinja
cmake --build .
install
sudo cmake --build . --target install
enable and start systemd service
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now trackpoint-filter
refresh udev devices
sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
sudo udevadm trigger --subsystem-match=input --action=remove --attr-match=name="TrackPoint"
sudo udevadm trigger --subsystem-match=input --action=add
The README.md file provides more details if necessary.
If disabling the trackpoint device doesn't also disable mouse buttons, do not use this. Simply create the udev rules and reload them (3 last commands). I hope this can help someone in the same situation as me!