Cannot dual boot Ubuntu 18.04 with Windows 10

Question

I want to dual boot Ubuntu alongside Windows 10 on an ASUS VivoBook X512FJ. I've already installed Windows 10, but I have problems installing Ubuntu. I tried 18.04 and 19.04 - came to the same problem:

I already did the following:

1. made space for Ubuntu to install using Disk Manager in Windows:

   The output of sudo fdisk -l when booted from the USB stick is:

   Disk /dev/loop0: 1.9 GiB, 2027323392 bytes, 3959616 sectors
   Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
   Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   
   Disk /dev/loop1: 89.3 MiB, 93581312 bytes, 182776 sectors
   Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
   Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   
   Disk /dev/loop2: 53.7 MiB, 56315904 bytes, 109992 sectors
   Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
   Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   
   Disk /dev/loop3: 151 MiB, 158343168 bytes, 309264 sectors
   Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
   Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   
   Disk /dev/loop4: 4 MiB, 4218880 bytes, 8240 sectors
   Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
   Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   
   Disk /dev/sda: 14.4 GiB, 15472047104 bytes, 30218842 sectors
   Disk model: DataTraveler 3.0
   Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
   Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
   Disklabel type: dos
   Disk identifier: 0x46f8e7bf
   
   Device         Boot   Start         End Sectors  Size Id Type
   /dev/sda1  *                  0 4095999 4096000        2G  0 Empty
   /dev/sda2           4066772 4074259        7488  3.7M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
   

2. I burned the iso image on the USB drive

3. Fast boot and secure boot are disabled
4. When I go through the installation I don't see the window where you can choose installation type (I.E. "Something else"): it just goes through and the only disk that I can install Ubuntu to is that USB with an image.

The screen where I get stuck:

5. I updated the BIOS/UEFI. After that when I choose "try Ubuntu before installing" it first shows Ubuntu loading screen and then I see this: Picture of what I see

Questions:

1. Can someone confirm I boot from UEFI mode?

2. How do I install Ubuntu?