When I use commands like lsusb, sudo fdisk -l, the output shows the brand that made the USB and other details, but I do not get how Linux OS recognizes it.
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There is a list of USB vendors and devices, built into a separate package usbutils. When you connect a USB device, the USB driver reads the vendor ID string from the device, and looks it up in the vendor table. Same for the device ID.
The official list is maintained by the USB organisation. Here's the list itself in readable format.