As anti-malarial agent: The bark was used by early American pioneers as an anti-malarial agent due to its resemblance to the cinchona tree, the source of quinine.[1]
For boils: The bark was burned and used in a poultice for boils by the Maliseet people. It was also used in this way (though it is unclear whether the bark was burned) by the Mi'kmaq.[2]
For colds: Inner bark used by the Algonquian peoples of Quebec in an infusion for colds. Sometimes the terminal buds were also brewed for this purpose.[2]
For depression: Inner bark fibers were boiled and used as a treatment for depression by the Algonquian peoples of Quebec. This mixture was usually made with the buds of the tree.[2]
For pain after childbirth: An infusion was used by the Maliseet people to treat pain after childbirth. It was also used in this way by the Mi'kmaq tribe.[2]
As tonic: Inner bark was brewed in a general tonic by the Algonquian peoples of Quebec.[2]
As blood tonic: Inner bark was brewed into a decoction and taken to clean and purify the blood and also to stimulate the appetite. It was used in this way by the Innu people.[2]
Buds
For colds: Buds brewed with the inner bark as a treatment for colds by the Algonquian peoples of Quebec.[2]
For depression: Used by the Algonquian peoples of Quebec, boiled with the inner bark fibers for depression.[2]
Fruit
As a digestive aid: Fruit used in an unspecified way as a digestive aid by the Iroquois.[2]
Roots
For gonorrhea: Root bark used by the Anishinabe in an infusion to treat gonorrhea.[2]
Unspecified
For pleurisy: Unspecified parts of the plant used by the Tlingit in a treatment for pleurisy.[2]
To induce vomiting (as emetic): Unspecified parts of the plant were used as an emetic by the Mi'kmaq people. It was also used in this way by the Penobscot tribe.[2]
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