
In aviation, aircraft ground handling or ground operations defines the servicing of an aircraft while it is on the ground and (usually) parked at a terminal gate of an airport.
Overview



Many airlines subcontract ground handling to airports, handling agents or even to another airline. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), conservative estimates indicate airlines outsource more than 50 per cent of the ground handling that takes place at the world's airports.[1] Ground handling addresses the many service requirements of an airliner between the time it arrives at a terminal gate and the time it departs on its next flight. Speed, efficiency, and accuracy are important in ground handling services in order to minimize the turnaround time (the time during which the aircraft must remain parked at the gate).[2] Faster turnarounds for lower ground times are correlated to better profits.[3]
Airlines with less-frequent service or fewer resources at a particular location sometimes subcontract ground handling or on-call aircraft maintenance to another airline, as it is a short-term cheaper alternative to setting up its own ground handling or maintenance capabilities.

Credit: Marius Vassnes
Airlines may participate in an industry-standard Mutual Assistance Ground Service Agreement (MAGSA). The MAGSA is published by the Air Transport Association (the current version is from 1981) and is used by airlines to assess prices for maintenance and support to aircraft at so-called MAGSA Rates, which are updated annually based on changes in the U.S. Producer Price Index. Airlines may choose to contract for ground handling services under the terms of a Standard Ground Handling Agreement (SGHA) published in the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Airport Handling Manual.[4] Airlines may also contract for ground handling services under non-standard terms.
Most ground services are not directly related to the actual flying of the aircraft, and instead involve other tasks. The major categories of ground handling services are described below.
Aircraft Appearance and Provisioning
Services related to aircraft cleanliness and passenger comfort:
- Cabin Cleaning - Cleaning Seats, Galleys, and Lavatories. Resetting the cabin (Folding seatbelts, uniform seat and window shade position) to appear untouched.
- Lavatory Service - Exterior service of lavatory by draining and filling of waste tanks.
- Provisioning - Replacing literature, blankets, pillows, and consumable supplies.
- Security Search - Searching aircraft for prohibited items as required by airline policy or regulatory requirement.
- Water Service - Exterior service of aircraft water system by filling tank with potable water for use inflight.
Catering
Catering includes the unloading of unused food and drink from the aircraft, and the loading of fresh food and drink for passengers and crew. In flight airline meals are delivered at the seats in airline service trolleys. Empty or trash-filled trolley from the previous flight are replaced with fresh ones. Meals are prepared mostly on the ground in order to minimize the amount of preparation (apart from chilling or reheating) required in flight.
While some airlines provide their own catering, others have either owned catering companies in the past and divested themselves of the companies, or have outsourced their catering to third-party companies. Airline catering sources include the following companies:
- Airline Services & Logistics PLC(EPZE)
- Atlas Catering (Royal Air Maroc)
- Cara Operations
- Cathay Pacific Catering Services (Cathay Pacific)
- DHL Supply Chain
- Gate Gourmet
- KLM Catering Services (KLM)
- LSG Sky Chefs
- Sky Cafe’
- Q Catering (Qantas)
- SATS Food
- Servair
- Thai Catering Services (Thai Airways)
Ramp service
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This includes services on the ramp or apron, such as:
- Guiding the aircraft into and out of the parking position (by way of aircraft marshalling),
- Towing with pushback tractors
- Pre-Conditioned Air and Heating
- Airstart units (for starting engines)
- Luggage handling, usually by means of beltloaders and baggage carts
- Gate checked luggage, often handled on the tarmac as passengers disembark
- Air cargo handling, usually by means of cargo dollies and cargo loaders.
- Ground power (so that engines need not be running to provide aircraft power on the ground)
- Passenger stairs (used instead of an aerobridge or airstairs, some budget airlines use both to improve turnaround speed)
- PIGS (Passenger Integrated Guidance System), a retractable barrier, is used to ensure passengers do not walk underneath the wings[5]
- Wheelchair lifts, if required
- Deicing
Passenger service

This includes services inside the airport terminal such as:
- Providing check-in counter services for the passengers departing on the customer airlines.
- Providing gate arrival and departure services. The agents are required to meet a flight on arrival as well as provide departure services including boarding passengers and closing the flight.
- Staffing the transfer counters, customer service counters and airline lounges.
Field operation service
This service dispatches the aircraft, maintains communication with the rest of the airline operation at the airport and with Air Traffic Control.
List of notable handling agents
Asia
Bangladesh
India
 Air India Airport Services Limited - All Indian Airports - presently providing services at 74 airports in India. Air India Airport Services Limited - All Indian Airports - presently providing services at 74 airports in India.
 Air India SATS Airport Services Private Limited - Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Trivandrum, Mangalore, Cochin. Air India SATS Airport Services Private Limited - Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Trivandrum, Mangalore, Cochin.
 LAS Ground Force Handling - Goa, Udaipur & Bagdogra LAS Ground Force Handling - Goa, Udaipur & Bagdogra
 Bhadra International India Pvt Ltd - Chennai Bhadra International India Pvt Ltd - Chennai
 Bird Worldwide Flight Services Pvt Ltd - Delhi, Mumbai & Kochi Bird Worldwide Flight Services Pvt Ltd - Delhi, Mumbai & Kochi
 Livewel Aviation -Mumbai & Delhi Livewel Aviation -Mumbai & Delhi
 Globe Ground India - Ahmadabad, Bangalore Globe Ground India - Ahmadabad, Bangalore
 Indo Thai Airport Management Services Pvt Ltd - Amritsar, Lucknow & Mohali Indo Thai Airport Management Services Pvt Ltd - Amritsar, Lucknow & Mohali
 Agile Airport Services Pvt Ltd - presently providing services at 8 airports in India. Agile Airport Services Pvt Ltd - presently providing services at 8 airports in India.
Hong Kong
 Cathay Pacific Cathay Pacific
 Hong Kong Airport Services (parent company: Cathay Pacific) Hong Kong Airport Services (parent company: Cathay Pacific)
 Jardine Aviation Services (parent company: Jardine Matheson) Jardine Aviation Services (parent company: Jardine Matheson)
 SATS HK (parent company: Hong Kong Airlines) SATS HK (parent company: Hong Kong Airlines)
 United Airlines United Airlines
Japan
 All Nippon Airways All Nippon Airways
 JAL Ground Service JAL Ground Service
 Japan Airport Ground Handling Japan Airport Ground Handling
 Japan Airport Service Co., Ltd. Japan Airport Service Co., Ltd.
 International Air Cargo Terminal Co., Ltd. International Air Cargo Terminal Co., Ltd.
Korea
 Korea Airport Service Korea Airport Service
 Asiana Airport Service Asiana Airport Service
 DongBo Airport Service DongBo Airport Service
Laos
 Andaman Aviation Services Andaman Aviation Services
Nepal
 Nepal Airlines - Kathmandu Nepal Airlines - Kathmandu
Pakistan
 Pakistan International Airlines Pakistan International Airlines
 Shaheen Airport Services (Pvt) Ltd Shaheen Airport Services (Pvt) Ltd
 Gerry’s dnata (Pvt) Ltd Gerry’s dnata (Pvt) Ltd
 Royal Airport Services (Pvt) Ltd Royal Airport Services (Pvt) Ltd
Singapore
Philippines
 Airmach Aviation Airmach Aviation
 1 Aviation 1 Aviation
 dnata Philippines dnata Philippines
 MacroAsia Airport Services Corporation MacroAsia Airport Services Corporation
 MDFS PHILIPPINES MDFS PHILIPPINES
 Philippine Airport Ground Support Solutions Philippine Airport Ground Support Solutions
Taiwan
 China Airlines Co., Ltd. China Airlines Co., Ltd.
 Taoyuan International Airport Services Co., Ltd. Taoyuan International Airport Services Co., Ltd.
 Taiwan Airport Service Co., Ltd. Taiwan Airport Service Co., Ltd.
 Evergreen Airlines Service Evergreen Airlines Service
 Taiwan Sky Ground Service Co., Ltd. Taiwan Sky Ground Service Co., Ltd.
Thailand
 Wingspan Services Co., Ltd. Wingspan Services Co., Ltd.
 BAGS Ground Services Co., Ltd. BAGS Ground Services Co., Ltd.
 Andaman Aviation Services Andaman Aviation Services
 AOTGA AOT Ground Aviation Services Co., Ltd. AOTGA AOT Ground Aviation Services Co., Ltd.
The Caribbean
Barbados
 Caribbean Aircraft Handling Co., Ltd. Caribbean Aircraft Handling Co., Ltd.
Jamaica
 AJAS Aviation Services AJAS Aviation Services
 Eulen America Eulen America
 GCG Ground Services Jamaica GCG Ground Services Jamaica
 Jamaica Dispatch Services Ltd. Jamaica Dispatch Services Ltd.
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
 Caribbean Aviation Management, Inc. Caribbean Aviation Management, Inc.
Europe
Belgium
Cyprus
 LGS Handling LGS Handling
- CTT Aviation Ltd.
 SWISSPORT SWISSPORT
Denmark
Finland
 AIRPRO AIRPRO
France
Greece
 Goldair Goldair
 Skyserv Skyserv
Ireland
 Sky Handling Partner Sky Handling Partner
Italy
 Airport Handling Airport Handling
Latvia
 HAVAS Ground Handling Co. HAVAS Ground Handling Co.
Lithuania
 Baltic Ground Services Baltic Ground Services
 Litcargus Litcargus
Netherlands
 KLM groundhandling KLM groundhandling
Norway
Poland
 Baltic Ground Services Baltic Ground Services
 LS Airport Services LS Airport Services
 Welcome Airport Services Welcome Airport Services
Portugal
 Groundforce Portugal Groundforce Portugal
 Portway Portway
Sweden
 SAS Ground Handling SAS Ground Handling
 AVIATOR Ground Handling AVIATOR Ground Handling
 Menzies Aviation Menzies Aviation
Switzerland
Turkey
 Turkish Ground Services Turkish Ground Services
 HAVAS Ground Handling Co. HAVAS Ground Handling Co.
 Celebi Ground Handling Inc. Celebi Ground Handling Inc.
 FUGO Ground Handling Inc. FUGO Ground Handling Inc.
United Kingdom
 Airline Services Airline Services
 American Airlines Handling (Subsidiary of American Airlines)[8] American Airlines Handling (Subsidiary of American Airlines)[8]
 Aviator Nordic Aviator Nordic
 Azzurra / Premiere Handling Azzurra / Premiere Handling
 Blue Handling (joint venture between Ryanair and OmniServ[9]) Blue Handling (joint venture between Ryanair and OmniServ[9])
 British Airways British Airways
 Cobalt Ground Solutions[10] Cobalt Ground Solutions[10]
 DHL DHL
 Dnata Dnata
 Gatwick Ground Services (Subsidiary of British Airways)[11] Gatwick Ground Services (Subsidiary of British Airways)[11]
 Jet2 Handling Jet2 Handling
 Menzies Aviation Menzies Aviation
 Signature Flight Support[12] Signature Flight Support[12]
 Star Handling Star Handling
 Swissport GB Swissport GB
 World Flight Services (WFS) World Flight Services (WFS)
 Premiere Executive Handling Ltd Premiere Executive Handling Ltd
 ASC Handling Services ASC Handling Services
Middle East
 ASE – Egypt Member ASE Group ASE – Egypt Member ASE Group
 ASE – UAE Member Of ASE Group ASE – UAE Member Of ASE Group
 SE – Morocco Member Of ASE Group SE – Morocco Member Of ASE Group
 New Star Aviation Services New Star Aviation Services
 dnata (Also active in other countries) dnata (Also active in other countries)
 Egypt Air Ground Services Egypt Air Ground Services
 Saudi Private Aviation-SPA Saudi Private Aviation-SPA
 Saudia Cargo Saudia Cargo
 Saudia Ground Services-SGS Saudia Ground Services-SGS
 HAVAS Ground Handling Co. HAVAS Ground Handling Co.
 Oman Air Oman Air
 Shaheen Airport Services Shaheen Airport Services
 Royal Airport Services Royal Airport Services
 Gerry's dnata Gerry's dnata
 Airways Flight Support Services Airways Flight Support Services
 BAS (Bahrain Airport Services) BAS (Bahrain Airport Services)
 QAS (Qatar Aviation Services) QAS (Qatar Aviation Services)
 El Al El Al
 Laufer GHI Laufer GHI
 QAS (Quality Airport Services) QAS (Quality Airport Services)
 Aerohandling Aerohandling
North and Central America
Canada
.svg.png.webp) Swissport Swissport
.svg.png.webp) Airport Terminal Services (ATS) Airport Terminal Services (ATS)
.svg.png.webp) Menzies Aviation Menzies Aviation
.svg.png.webp) GTA Dnata GTA Dnata
.svg.png.webp) Air North Air North
.svg.png.webp) Strategic Aviation Strategic Aviation
.svg.png.webp) Global Aviation Global Aviation
.svg.png.webp) Ironman Holdings Ironman Holdings
.svg.png.webp) Allied Aviation Allied Aviation
.svg.png.webp) Air Canada Air Canada
Cuba
Mexico
 Kion de Mexico Kion de Mexico
 Aeromexico Servicios Aeromexico Servicios
United States
 Alliance Ground International and Subsidiaries Alliance Ground International and Subsidiaries
- Airport Terminal Services (ATS)
- Total Airport Services (TAS)
 
 Dnata Dnata
 G2 Secure Staff G2 Secure Staff
 GAT Airline Ground Support GAT Airline Ground Support
 McGee Air Services McGee Air Services
 Menzies Aviation Menzies Aviation
 Swissport Swissport
 Trego/Dugan Aviation Trego/Dugan Aviation
 Unifi Aviation Unifi Aviation
 United Ground Express United Ground Express
 Worldwide Flight Services (WFS) Worldwide Flight Services (WFS)
- WFS Express
 
South America
Peru
 Swissport Swissport
 Talma Servicios Aeroportuarios Talma Servicios Aeroportuarios
Uruguay
 Candysur S.A. Candysur S.A.
Oceania
Australia
See also
References
- ↑ International Air Transport Association, Ground Handling, International Air Transport Association, archived from the original on 5 October 2013
- ↑ Gomez, F; Scholz, D (2009), Improvements to ground handling operations and their benefits to direct operating costs (PDF), Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2013
- ↑ "The correlation between airline ground time and profits". AirInsight. May 8, 2017.
- ↑ International Air Transport Association, Airport Handling Manual (AHM), International Air Transport Association, archived from the original on 18 October 2013
- ↑ Wignall, Alec (27 November 2022). "How it works: the aircraft turnaround - AeroTime". Aerotime. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ↑ "FBO, Ground Handling in Singapore (WSSL)". Universal Aviation. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
- ↑ "Services assistance aéroport : Handling, assistance en escale - Samsic".
- ↑ "London Heathrow, United Kingdom (LHR)". www.aa.com.
- ↑ https://corporate.ryanair.com/news/ryanair-appoints-handler-at-london-stansted-airport/
- ↑ "Cobalt Ground Solutions".
- ↑ "GATWICK GROUND SERVICES LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.
- ↑ "Signature BHX | Fixed Base Operator (FBO) at Birmingham Airport". www.signatureflight.com.
Further reading
- ISO 9001:2008—Quality management systems
External links
 Media related to Aircraft ground handling at Wikimedia Commons
 Media related to Aircraft ground handling at Wikimedia Commons
- International Air Transport Association, IATA Ground Handling Council, International Air Transport Association, archived from the original on 2013-09-27, retrieved 2013-09-25
- Ground Handling International, archived from the original on 2013-10-29


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