Why isn't the De-Broglie wavelength of massive particles redshifted in an expanding universe

Question

It is pretty straight forward how light is redshifted in an expanding universe, yet I still can't understand why the De'Broglie wavelength of a massive particle isn't redshifted in an expanding universe. There is no proper notion of conserved mass energy in the expanding universe (without considering gravitational energy that is). anything that doesn't involve handwaving would be great (I'm not afraid of getting my hands dirty in the math). thanks!!

Answer 1

The de Broglie wavelength of a massive particle is redshifted in an expanding universe.

The de Broglie wavelength is given by:

$$ \lambda = \frac{h}{p} $$

so a red shift of the de Broglie wavelength simply means that the momentum is decreasing, which for a massive particle means that its velocity relative to us is decreasing.

And that is exactly what we see. Suppose someone on a distant galaxy fires a particle towards us with an initial velocity (relative to us) of $v$. As the particle crosses the space towards us the space expands under its feet so the particle slows down. We would see the particle slow down and in the absence of dark energy eventually come to a halt - in the presence of dark energy the particle can reverse direction and then accelerate away from us.

The result is that we observe the de Broglie wavelength of the particle to increase as the universe expands.

Answer 2

The difference between massless and massive particles in the expanding Universe is in their energy densities. Since the energy of heavy particle comes almost entirely from its mass, the energy density behaves as $\frac{1}{r^3}$, while the energy of the massless one comes from its wavelength, which changes as the Universe expands, so the energy density of these particles is $\propto \frac{1}{r^4}$.

Answer 3

This answer (the most upvoted answer) is incorrect. The redshift is NOT related to the decreasing momentum of the particle. This hypothesis (known as the 'tired particle' hypothesis) has been disproven experimentally in favor of the Doppler hypothesis.

If it were true that the redshift was a result of a loss of particle momentum, it would imply inelastic collisions between the particle and interstellar medium. These collisions would also produce a 'smearing' effect, in addition to slowing the particle down. No such smearing has ever been found. This is the basis for my answer.

The only explanation for the redshift is the well known Doppler effect - as applied to the expanding Universe (not to the particle itself).

Reference - Michael Berry - Principles of Cosmology and Gravitation, pg 21 (chapter 2, section 3 - 2.3) If you think this answer is incorrect, be prepared to cite a reference to support your claim. I have listed a reference above - but ANY modern cosmology textbook will support my claim.