tcp_probe functionality has been removed from the kernel.
I believe, but am not certain, that its removal and the associated removal of some of the required infrastructure got out of sync. I am saying that even though the module is still present for /lib/modules/4.15.0-55-generic/kernel/net/ipv4/tcp_probe.ko, it doesn't work:
doug@s17:~$ sudo modprobe tcp_probe port=5001
modprobe: ERROR: could not insert 'tcp_probe': Function not implemented
doug@s17:~$ uname -a
Linux s17 4.15.0-55-generic #60-Ubuntu SMP Tue Jul 2 18:22:20 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Please also see here, which also tells you how to achieve the same thing using other methods:
That function is now replaced by tcp/tcp_probe trace-event. You can
use it via ftrace or perftools.
By the way, the related kernel configuration parameter is CONFIG_NET_TCPPROBE:
doug@s17:~$ grep CONFIG_NET_TCPPROBE /boot/config-4.15.0-55-generic
CONFIG_NET_TCPPROBE=m